Abstract:
Ischemic preconditioning (IP) represents a powerful experimental strategy to identify novel molecular targets to attenuate hepatic injury during ischemia. As a result, murine studies of hepatic IP have become an important field of research. However, murine IP is technically challenging and experimental details can alter the results. Therefore, we systematically tested a novel model of hepatic IP by using a hanging-weight system for portal triad occlusion. This system has the benefit of applying intermittent hepatic ischemia and reperfusion without manipulation of a surgical clamp or suture, thus minimizing surgical trauma. Systematic evaluation of this model revealed a close correlation of hepatic ischemia time with liver damage as measured by ALT and AST serum levels. Using different numbers of IP cycles and time intervals, we found optimal liver protection with 4 cycles of 3 min ischemia/3 min reperfusion as measured by ALT, AST, LDH, and IL-6. Similarly, ischemia associated increases in hepatic infarct size, neutrophil infiltration and histological injury were maximally attenuated with the above regimen. To demonstrate transcriptional consequences of liver IP, we isolated RNA from preconditioned liver and confirmed transcriptional modulation of known target genes (equilibrative nucleoside transporters, acute phase complement genes). Taken together, these studies confirm highly reproducible liver injury and protection by IP when using the hanging-weight system for hepatic ischemia and intermittent reperfusion.
Since the mechanisms of IP remain largely unknown, we decided to further investigate its pathways using the new HWS technique for hepatic IP. Extracellular adenosine has been implicated as an innate anti-inflammatory metabolite, particularly during ischemia, we investigated whether CD73 (ecto-5’-nucleotidase), the “pacemaker” enzyme of extracellular adenosine production, is critical for hepatic protection by IP. Using our established model, mice were subjected to four cycles of portal triad occlusion and reperfusion (3 min of ischemia/3 min of reperfusion) prior to IR or IR alone. Our results showed that hepatic IP was associated with a significant induction of CD73 transcript and protein. Targeted gene-deletion or pharmacological inhibition of CD73 abolished hepatic protection by IP as measured by LDH, AST, ALT serum levels or histological injury. Increases in extracellular adenosine with IP were significantly attenuated in cd73-deficient (cd73-/-) mice. Reconstitution of cd73-/- mice with soluble 5'-nucleotidase resulted in complete restoration of hepatoprotection by IP and hepatic injury following ischemia was attenuated by treatment of WT mice with soluble 5'-nucleotidase. Mice deficient in CD73 did not demonstrate the same degree of IP-dependent inhibition of acute phase complement gene expression/activation as did WT mice suggesting that extracellular adenosine attenuates hepatic IR via complement regulation. In summary, extracellular adenosine production by ecto-5’-nucleotidase mediates protection during murine hepatic IP. Use of soluble 5'-nucleotidase may be a potential therapeutic for hepatic ischemia.