Abstract:
Many disorders of the human knee joint are caused by degenerative or traumatic lesions of the meniscus. The meniscus plays a decisive role in shock absorption and load distribution in the knee joint. Resection of meniscal tears accelerates the development of gonarthrosis. Thus, the preservation of meniscal tissue is of major interest. However, considering the fact that vascularisation is concentrated to the periphery of the meniscus, endogenous healing capacities are limited.
Innovative technologies such as tissue engineering, which aim to develop autologous meniscal implants, will gain in more importance in the future of orthopaedics. Besides the biomechanical characteristics of the graft, cell differentiation will be of crucial interest. Since meniscal cells have mainly been characterised by morphological criteria as yet, a potential dedifferentiation of fibrochondrocytes on carrier tissues is difficult to determine.
The current study aims to investigate the pattern of mRNA expression of human fibrochondrocytes in regards to anabolic and catabolic components as well as collagens.
Eleven human menisci were carried to cell culture after digestion in collagenase and were subsequently transferred to first subculture. PCR analysis was performed for all cells with primers for collagens type I, II, III, VI and X, growth factors VEGF, TGF-beta1, BMP-2, IGF-I and –II, PDGF, FGF-1 and -2, and the matrix metabolising components MMP-1, -3, and -13 as well as iNOS.
To confirm the results obtained from PCR analysis on a protein level, immunohistochemistry was performed for three patients (n=3) with antibodies for collagens type I and II. Cd11b antibodies were employed to exclude incidental endothelial cells.
In the present study we were able to prove growth factors in human cell cultures, which have so far, if yet, been merely described histologically in animal tissues.
VEGF, FGF-I and -2, TGF-beta1 BMP-2, iNOS and MMP-3 and-13 were revealed throughout all cultures, whereas IGF- and -II and MMP-1 were found infrequently in a small number of cultures. Interestingly, PDGF-AB, a mitogen and chemotactical active factor was found to be not expressed by human meniscal cell cultures at all.
Collagens type I and II were detected on mRNA level as well as on a protein level. Furthermore, RT-PCR disclosed collagens type III and VI throughout all cultures, but did not yield any signal for collagen type X.
For the first time, a comprehensive characterisation, which goes beyond morphological description, has been established for human fibrochondrocytes in cell culture by this present study.