Abstract:
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, afflicts 1 – 2% of people over age 50. During the last decade, several genes associated to familial forms of PD have been discovered and have led to a greatly improved understanding of the molecular pathways putatively involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) were revealed to be the most common genetic cause for late-onset PD.
LRRK2 is a large multidomain protein kinase with a ROC-COR (ROCO) domain tandem archetypal for the ROCO protein family, providing a ROC domain capable of GTP binding and hydrolysis. Given the frequent dimerization of protein kinases, this study seeked to shed light on putative LRRK2 dimerization, meanwhile an emerging theme in the field. Employing different experimental assays, the ROCO domain was mapped as the core interface directing LRRK2 dimerization. Moreover, homodimerization potential mediated by the respective ROCO domain was similarly revealed for the related ROCO kinases LRRK1 and DAPK1 (death-associated protein kinase 1). Intriguingly, heterodimerization potential among ROCO domains discovered in this study suggested a regulatory interplay between all three mammalian ROCO kinases. Whereas familial PD mutations in the ROCOLRRK2 domain uniformly weakened ROCOLRRK2 homodimerization, regular self-interaction of GTP binding deficient ROCOLRRK2 mutants indicated independence from GTP. Most interestingly, challenging regular full length LRRK2 dimerization by co-expression of the ROCOLRRK2 fragment, a significant inhibitory effect on LRRK2 autophosphorylation was disclosed. Importantly, the pathological augmented kinase activity of G2019S PD mutant LRRK2 was decreased identically. Consistent with weakened homodimerization, ROCOLRRK2 fragments containing familial PD mutations accordingly showed a reduced LRRK2 kinase inhibiting effect.
Taken together, these findings suggest a general dimerization function for the ROCO domain, a notion supported by recent identification of bacterial ROCO domain dimerization. By virtue of its kinase inhibiting effect, the artificial ROCO fragment could serve as a blueprint for LRRK2 dimerization/kinase inhibitors, ultimately providing new therapeutic perspectives in the treatment of PD.