Abstract:
Background and aims: Indocyanine green (ICG) and Trypan blue (TB) are frequently used vital stains for ILM-staining during macular hole surgery. Lately, there are growing concerns in terms of safety to retinal tissues, especially to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The aim of this experimental study was to examine potentially cytotoxic effects of ICG and TB on cultured human RPE cells.
Methods: ARPE-19 cells were incubated with ICG (0.025–5.0 mg/ml) and with ICG-free solutions of corresponding osmolarities. TB was applied at 0.0375 mg/ml and 1.5 mg/ml. Incubation lasted 1–20 minutes with or without vitrectomy endolight illumination for 1–5 minutes. To mimic clinical practice, exposure time was set at 1 minute, followed by 5 minutes of illumination. Cell viability and morphology were examined after the follow-up times of 6, 24 and 72 hours.
Results: ICG reduced cell viability at concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml and higher, when incubated for more than 5 minutes. Almost no cytotoxicity was observed for ICG at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml and below, at any incubation time. Hypo-osmolar solutions below 270 mOsm/kg induced severe cytotoxicity independently of ICG, especially at exposure times of 10 minutes and more. At incubation times below 1 minute, osmolarity didn’t play a major role. Incubation with ICG for 1 minute, and illumination for 5 minutes, did not cause damage at concentrations of up to 1.0 mg/ml. TB-related cell toxicity occurred at 1.5 mg/ml for incubation times above 5 minutes. No phototoxic effects for TB solutions were shown in any set-up with vitrectomy endolight illumination.
Conclusions: For clinical use ICG concentration should not exceed 1.0 mg/ml, exposure and illumination time should remain below 5 minutes, the osmolarity being within physiological range. TB at short incubation times or low concentrations seems to be a safe alternative without phototoxicity.