Abstract:
Background: Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone, is an essential growth factor which regulates erythropoiesis and is predominantly synthesized in the kidneys. EPO secretion and renal mRNA content are inversely correlated to renal oxygen supply. Previous studies have shown that renal ischemia in isolated perfused kidneys elicited a much weaker EPO secretory response compared to systemic hypoxia in vivo, indicating that additional factors may contribute to the EPO secretory response to hypoxia. Despite the fact that several studies investigated the role of renal sympathetic nerves, renal oxygen supply and consumption or reduced renal mass on the regulation of EPO secretion, contradictory results have been reported.
Objective: Thus, we re-examined the role of the renal nervous system and its transmitters in carbon monoxide (CO) induced EPO secretion. We further analysed the role of progressive renal disease in the EPO response following CO exposure by using the remnant kidney model. We also investigated the responsiveness of the EPO gene to diminished oxygen consumption in the hydronephrotic kidney, resulting from ureter ligation. In addition, we examined the effect of changes in oxygen supply to kidney and liver on EPO secretion. To clarify the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) on the EPO response, we measured plasma renin activity (PRA) in all experimental groups.
Methods: All experiments were carried out in a model of CO induced hypoxia in male Sprague-Dawley rats by constructing a dose response relationship between the degree of hypoxia and EPO secretion. Following bilateral denervation, rats were exposed to different CO concentrations. To compensate the lack of transmitter release in denervated rats we administered [Leu31, Pro34]-Neuropeptide Y (NPY) or isoproteronol. To block these neurotransmitters in control rats we administered the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol or a specific NPY receptor blocker. In a second set of experiments we compared renal EPO mRNA and EPO serum levels in rats following five-sixths nephrectomy or uninephrectomy with sham-operated controls under conditions of normoxia and hypoxia. Furthermore, we modified renal oxygen consumption and supply by reducing renal blood flow (RBF) below 70% of normal or by performing acute and chronic unilateral ureteral ligation. Finally, we investigated whether portal vein arterialization was able to increase EPO mRNA expression in the liver. In all experimental groups PRA was measured.
Results: Serum EPO levels and in parallel renal EPO mRNA expression were elevated in rats with bilateral renal denervation compared to innervated rats following exposure to 600 ppm CO . This increase of EPO secretion in denervated rats could be blocked by administration of NPY, whereas the NPY receptor antagonist did not affect EPO secretion in control animals. Agonists and antagonists of beta-adrenergic receptors had no effect on EPO secretion. Reduction of the renal mass by unilateral or five-sixths nephrectomy exhibited a significant reduced EPO secretory response following severe hypoxic stimulation. The decrease of renal EPO mRNA content was stronger in five-sixths nephrectomized rats compared to unilateral nephrectomized controls. Following CO exposure, acute unilateral ureteral ligation induced a significant raise in EPO serum level and renal EPO mRNA, whereas twenty-four hours of persisting left ureteral ligation significantly decreased EPO serum levels and renal EPO mRNA. Stenosis of the left renal artery with a renal artery clamp did not affect renal EPO mRNA expression and EPO serum levels. Hepatic EPO mRNA content in control animals exposed to different CO concentrations increased up to 28fold compared to baseline concentration. Portal vein arterialization did not affect hepatic EPO mRNA expression. Five-sixths nephrectomy significantly decreased PRA.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that renal nerves contribute to the half-maximal EPO secretory response to CO exposure, possibly via NPY receptors. Our results further indicate that the remnant kidney can partially compensate the loss of renal mass, likely due to a hypertrophy of EPO producing cells. Acute unilateral ureteral ligation increased renal EPO production, signifying that there is a direct relationship between EPO production and tubular oxygen consumption. It appears likely that changes in renal morphology in response to chronic ureteral obstruction reduce EPO synthesis, independent of oxygen delivery. The reduced energy-consuming transport activity of the tubular cells in hydronephrotic kidneys may direct affect the synthesis of the hormone. Hepatic oxygen supply seems not to be a dominant factor in the control of hepatic EPO secretion. Our findings indicate that the RAS is influenced by the degree of renal ablation.