Abstract:
The ‚repulsive guidance molecule’ (RGM) is a recently analyzed protein in the CNS which has been also identified in endodermal tissues of the mouse embryo in the meantime. It is a GPI-anchored, membrane-associated glycoprotein of 33 kDa which has no significant homology to any other known guidance molecules. Three homologues, RGMa, RGMb and RGMc, were identified in the murine embryo. Functional studies in the CNS demonstrated that RGM is involved in neuronal cell survival, shows repulsive axon-specific guidance activity, and plays a role in neural tube closure during embryogenesis. Neogenin, a protein with about 50 % homology to the tumor suppressor gene DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer), was demonstrated to function as a RGM receptor. However, a biological function of RGM outside the CNS remained to be elucidated.
The main goal of this doctoral thesis was an extensive development dependent expression analysis of all identified RGM subtypes and of the receptor Neogenin in the murine intestine. Furthermore, possible influences of the RGM-Neogenin system on proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and enteric stem and progenitor cells should be analyzed. The expression analysis revealed that RGMa and RGMb but not RGMc were strongly expressed in the enteric nervous system of the embryonic (E14, E18) and postnatal gut (P0-P7). One week after birth (P7) an additional expression of RGMa and RGMb was observed in the lower crypt region of the intestinal epithelium, which is known as the epithelial stem and progenitor compartment. In contrast to the RGM subtypes the Neogenin receptor could be demonstrated in all investigated stages in both enteric ganglia and epithelial crypts. The analysis were performed on mRNA (In situ Hybridisierung, RT-PCR) as well as protein level (Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot). Expression of RGM and Neogenin in the different cell types was shown by co-labeling experiments. Thus, co-expression occured in differentiated enteric neurons and glia, Paneth cells, and undifferentiated stem and progenitor cells of the crypt epithelium. The development dependent expression pattern indicated that these molecules may play a role in the intestinal stem cell determination. To address this, we performed in vitro proliferation and migration assays by using the epithelial colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 as well as primary fetal enteric ganglia cells of the mouse. A significant inhibition of RGMa on cell migration of Caco-2 cells could be demonstrated in the Boyden chamber migration assay. To investigate the migration and neurite outgrowth of enteric ganglia we used neurospheres which were generated from expanded neural progenitors of the fetal gut. The neurite outgrowth was significantly inhibited after co-cultivation of neurospheres with RGMa producing Hek-293 cells. Conversely, addition of recombinant RGMa induced a collapse response of the neurites of differentiated ganglia. The observed RGMa effects on Caco-2 as well as enteric ganglia cells could be blocked by addition of a Neogenin antibody. These experiments are in analogy to the known repulsive effects of RGMa in the CNS. However, an RGMa effect on proliferation of Caco-2 as well as enteric ganglia cells could not be demonstrated.
To further elucidate the biological relevance of the RGM/Neogenin system we analyzed the influences on proliferation and differentiation in the intestine of Neogenin knockout mice. In the embryonic gut (E12) we observed a delay in the primary migration by enteric progenitor cells. Further, in comparison to the adult wildtype gut we could demonstrate a significant reduction of enteric ganglia within the plexus myentericus as well as proliferation within the epithelium. The reduced proliferation within the epithelium had no effect on differentiated cells.
Taken together, the expression data, the in vitro experiments, and the analysis of the Neogenin knockout mice strongly suggest a participation of Neogenin and its ligands in the regulation of the epithelial and enteric stem cell compartment.