Abstract:
Microglia are the major component of the cellular immune system in the central nervous system. Microglial cells are involved in almost all neuropathological processes and are therefore considered prime targets for gene therapy. With the knowledge of nucleic acids and gene regulation growing a class of new clinically relevant drugs, therapeutic nucleic acids, are rapidly developed. But poor in-vivo stability, low permeability and potential unspecific effects are big obstacles for potential therapeutic applications. Understanding of cellular uptake, transport and potential unwanted effects of therapeutic nucleic acids in microglia is thus important for applications in central nervous system diseases.
Our data support a receptor-mediated uptake mechanism for single-stranded oligonucleotides (ODN) (Chapter 2) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) (Chapter 5) in microglia because cellular uptake is dose-, time-, temperature-, modification-, and energy-dependent and inside cells they mainly localize to the cytoplasm with spot pattern. Further unmodified siRNA was showed to co-localize with endosomes after uptake. Cellular uptake is the prerequisite for the activity of most therapeutic nucleic acids. Increasing uptake might be a good way to enhance the efficiency of therapeutic nucleic acids. Here we provide evidence that a 3'-end polyG motif can enhance phosphodiester (PE) CpG-ODN uptake resulting into increased immunomodulatory activity in microglial cells (Chapter 3). Such effects are dependent on the location of the polyG motif and the backbone modification of ODN.
Inside cells, nucleic acids have the potential to sequence-unspecifically interact with certain cellular proteins (Chapter 2, 3 and 5). Such interactions are strongly backbone-modification dependent and to a much lesser degree of sequence dependent. Most ODN binding-proteins are RNA or DNA binding proteins, which are important for chromosome organization, transcription regulation and RNA processing. The sequence-unspecific interaction of nucleic acids with cellular binding proteins might influence the physiological function of these proteins. We observed that siRNA could bind to PKR and trigger enzymatic activity. In addition the binding proteins might affect intracellular nucleic acid distribution. Three membrane proteins were identified as ODN binding-proteins that indicated they might be involved in nucleic acid uptake.
We observed that peripheral application of nucleic acids could have unwanted effects on the central nervous system. In Chapter 6, it is shown that a significant but transient increase of activated microglia was induced in rat spinal cord after peripheral administration of immunostimulatory nucleic acides, poly (I:C) and R848.
Our findings will contribute to rational design and evaluation of nucleic acid-based therapeutic strategies.