Abstract:
An extensive literature search has indicated a shortage of studies on nicotine metabolism in individuals with CYP2A6*1/*2-genotype. Of the few studies that do exist, contradictory results have not clarified the association between smoking behaviour and CYP2A6-polymorphisms. The present study sought to address these shortcomings in the literature and tested the hypothesis that smokers with the CYP2A6*2-allele metabolise nicotine into cotinine more slowly than those carrying CYP2A6*1/*1. A secondary hypothesis tested group differences in craving during the nicotine trial. It was hypothesized that individuals carrying CYP2A6*1/*2 show less subjective craving than smokers homozygous for the wild-type allele (CYP2A6*1/*1).
Seven smokers with CYP2A6*1/*1-genotype were matched on age, gender, FTND, cigarette consumption and smoking duration with corresponding participants carrying the CYP2A6*1/*2-genotype. Nicotine metabolism was monitored by testing serum levels of nicotine and cotinine during a 2-hour laboratory administration of a 4mg sublingual nicotine tablet. Craving was measured using the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU; (Müller et al. 2001)).
Repeated-measures ANOVAs showed significant differences in nicotine and cotinine levels over time but no significant group differences. Pharmacokinetic analysis (AUC, Cmax) involving the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine mainly corroborated the nonsignificant ANOVA findings, although tmax was significantly longer in individuals carrying CYP2A6*1/*2.
ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses indicated no significant differences between the two groups in terms of craving. As was expected, participants reported relatively high levels of craving at baseline which were relieved following nicotine administration. Interestingly, craving increased again to baseline level towards the end of the experiment, in spite of the fact that nicotine concentrations were still clearly higher than at baseline.
There are many potential explanations for the lack of a genotype effect on nicotine metabolism. Methodological shortcomings, such as low power due to a small number of participants and a relatively short period of observation, which prematurely cut off the elimination curve, may have contributed to this finding. Theoretical explanations for the lack of group differences are also plausible. First, a compensation of the defect allele (CYP2A6*2) by the wild type allele (CYP2A6*1) by means of gene expression regulation, e. g. enzyme induction, may have negated the impact of the defect allele on nicotine metabolism. This explanation would corroborate results of a previous genotyping study in which no differences between individuals with CYP2A6*1/*1 and CYP2A6*1/*2 were found for smoking behaviour (Esser 2004). Taken together, these findings may indicate that the clinical importance of the CYP2A6*2-polymorphism in heterozygous Caucasian individuals has been overestimated.
The lack of significant group differences in craving over time may also have been due to the unexpectedly similar patterns of nicotine metabolism. The high level of craving at the end of the trial may indicate that, in addition to nicotine, other psychosocial factors may contribute to the subjective experience of cigarette craving.
Esser, D. (2004). Genetische Bedingungen der Tabakabhängigkeit - der Einfluss eines Polymorphismus im Genort des CYP2A6 auf das Rauchverhalten. Inaugural-Dissertation. Universität Tübingen.
Müller, V., R. F. Mucha, K. Ackermann und P. Pauli (2001). Die Erfassung des Cravings bei Rauchern mit einer deutschen Version des "Questionnaire on Smoking Urges" (QSU-G). Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie. 30(3): 164-171.