Abstract:
Background: The actual theory of pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has focused on the emerging influence of the nitric-oxide system as a trigger mechanism leading to morphological changes culminating in the stenotic plaque. Therefore diagnostic evaluation of disturbances in NO-bioavailability might be of prognostic relevance regarding primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
On the other hand, especially in individuals with diabetes, microalbuminuria is thought to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Thus it is still unclear whether an increase in renal albumin excretion (RAE) can be regarded as an indicator of global endothelial dysfunction, or whether other partial functions like the nitric oxide system or plasma concentrations of endothelial markers as the von-Willebrand-Factor (vWF) might be disturbed earlier.
Probands and Method: We therefore examined the NO-system and renal albumin excretion in 129 subjects (56 with type 2 diabetes and 73 non-diabetics). Nitric oxide production was assessed non-invasively by measuring flow mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery using a 13 MHz-linear array. Additionally plasma concentrations of vWF were measured in a subgroup (n = 26) of the diabetic subjects and compared with the two previous introduced procedures (RAE and FMD).
Results: In normoalbuminuric individuals of both groups (diabetic and non-diabetic) disturbances in flow mediated vasodilatation ( NO-bioavailability) were already present, although both groups were well-balanced regarding other risk factors of the metabolic syndrome (systolic/ diastolic blood pressure, glucose- and lipid metabolism).
Whereas comparison of FMD in subjects with microalbuminuria (n=18) versus normoalbuminuric individuals (n=111) showed no significant difference neither for the diabetic group (FMD Mean 4,3 %, SD ± 1,8 versus 4,9 %, SD ± 2,2 ) nor for the non-diabetic group (FMD Mean 6,7 %, SD ± 4,0 versus 6,4 %, SD ± 5,5). However, this analysis underlined the considerable influence of the classical cardiovascular risk factors. Particularly in the non-diabetic group, individuals with microalbuminuria showed higher blood pressure (p=0.05) and a higher body mass index (p < 0.001).
Within the diabetic subgroup elevated plasma levels of vWF were closely related to the degree of renal albumin excretion (p < 0.5), but there was no relationship among plasma levels of vWF and flow mediated vasodilatation.
Conclusion: From these results we conclude, that all three procedures (RAE, FMD and vWF) investigate independent disturbances of the vascular wall and therefore the renal albumin excretion rate alone cannot stand in for the global endothelial status.
Furthermore these results lead to the hypothesis that disturbances in endothelial NO-production occur early and may already be operative before renal albumin excretion and plasma levels of von-Willebrand-Factor increase.
Consequently peripheral endothelial dysfunction should be measured in addition if not previous to renal albumin excretion rate to make an early identification of cardiovascular high-risk subjects possible.