Abstract:
When metacyclic parasites enter the bloodstream of the vertebrate host, they differentiate immediately to slender bloodstream forms. They divide very rapidly and are responsible for the increase of the parasitemia. When they have reached a certain cell density, they change into stumpy forms which cease in proliferation. This differentiation is a transient process traversing an intermediate state already featured with the metabolism of the stumpy form, but morphologically difficult to determine.
During the course of infection, the bloodstream form produces several prostaglandin-derivatives, among them prostaglandin D2. After releasing this substance into the bloodstream, it is rapidly metabolized in prostaglandins of the J-series like 15-deoxy-PGJ2, which finally induce a programmed cell death in the parasites. Thiazolidinediones share the target protein PPARgamma with 15-deoxy-PGJ2, but exhibit a much higher affinity. For this reason the effects of troglitazone, ciglitazone and rosiglitazone were used for further studies in order to discover a possible mechanism for the prostaglandin-effects.
Under cultivation all thiazolidinediones lead to a concentration-dependent growth arrest. With an IC50 of 42 µM (and a plasma protein binding rate of 99%), troglitazone had the strongest effect on the cells. Nevertheless, in contrast to the prostaglandins, FACS-analyses and electron microscopy of thiazolidinedione-treated cells showed no sign of a cell cycle arrest, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or DNA degradation. Beside apoptosis, necrosis also could be ruled out this way. The most obvious effects induced especially by troglitazone, were a proliferation of glycosomes and a further development of the mitochondrion. The mitochondrial activation following treatment could be confirmed by FACS-analysis, showing an increase of mitochondrial membrane potential, a raising cyano-sensitivity and a higher activity of succinate dehydrogenase. Additionally, troglitazone treated cells out of the logarithmic phase exhibited an extremely high ability to transform to procyclic parasites compared to the control cells, when they were object to an in vitro transformation protocol. Microarray analyses supported the results out of the other experiments and showed a further differentiation of the slender bloodstream form to an intermediate form which only differs from the stumpy form with regard to cell cycle arrest. This changes were accompanied e.g. by an up-regulation of ESAG4-transcripts, encoding an adenylyl cyclase. This protein could be responsible for the increase of the intracellular cAMP-concentration during the differentiation process, since ESAG4 is only expressed in the bloodstream form stage. The most striking up-regulation concerned a potential regulatory protein, ESAG8, which is thought to act via interactions with other proteins due to its structure.
Based on these studies, the mechanism of bloodstream form differentiation which is only rudimentary solved, could be investigated further. Simultaneously the role of stumpy-forms for life cycle progression becomes questionable. Obviously a differentiation to an intermediate stage is sufficient for a development to procyclic parasites within the midgut of the tsetse-fly. The task of the cell cycle arrested stumpy forms would then rather be in regulation of cell density within the bloodstream, in order to ensure a longer survival of the mammalian host and an increasing likelihood of the parasites’ reuptake by another tsetse fly.