Abstract:
Heat-shock proteins (Gp96, Hsp70 and others) are potent stimulators of the immune system. Due to their phylogenetically old, highly conserved structure, the stimulatory properties of heat-shock proteins are effective across species barriers. Therefore, heat-shock proteins of human and microbial origin play an important role for the human immune system. Apart from an unspecific, antigen-independent activation of antigen presentig cells (APC) via receptors of the toll-like family (mainly TLR2 and TLR4), some heat-shock proteins have the ability to mediate an antigen-specific immune response. For example, Gp96 isolated from murine tumor-cells induces, when injected in the mouse originally bearing the tumor, an immune response specific for that particular tumor. This phenomenon is mainly mediated by cyctotoxic T-lymphocytes and has been shown for several types of tumor. It forms the basis for new therapeutic strategies against human tumors using heat-shock proteins as vaccines. Endogenous, non-covalently bound peptides have been identified as principal inducers of this specific immune response mediated by otherwise cell-type-unspecific heat shock proteins. Following uptake by APC via receptor-mediated endocytosis, these peptides bound to heat shock proteins are transferred into the MHC-class I processing pathway (‘cross presentation’). They represent an image of the peptide repertoire present in the cancerous cell, which usually remains invisible to the immune system due to tumor-induced interruption of antigen presentation. Therefore, the independence of the identification of specific tumor antigens is the greatest advantage of a vaccine based on heat-shock proteins.
Despite of these promising properties of heat-shock proteins, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain yet to be elucidated. Especially the role of MHC class II restricted T-cells in the Gp96-mediated immune response is unknown. The work presented here tries to show the activation of MHC class II restricted T-cells by Hsp-associated peptides. The necessary experimental basis is created (non-radioactive Gp96 loading assay) and the pros and cons of a T-cell help are discussed. In addition, the activation of human and murine dendritic cells by Gp96 is shown as well as the identification of the resulting cytokine profile. In further experiments, the binding of human and chlamydial Hsp60 to CD14+ cells and the correlation of CD14-expression of, and Hsp60-binding to murine dendritic cells is presented. Finally, the identification of two natural ligands of the miniature swine MHC-class I molecule PD1 is shown. These ligands have an important implication for further studies targeting antigen processing of xenogeneic proteins and associated graft rejections.