Abstract:
In the first part of the thesis the author seeks to develop a definition of the term “trade-based market manipulation” on the basis of economic theories concerning the processing of information by market mechanisms. As a result the following trading motives are found to be illegitimate and thus manipulative: first, the intention to move the price in a direction which the trader has chosen arbitrarily and which he, based on the information at his disposition, does not consider to be closer to the true value than the initial price; second, the intention to acquire market control; and third, the intention to exploit a market-controlling position if intentionally acquired. In the second part of the thesis the author explores whether there is a need to regulate trade-based market manipulation, and discusses various legal instruments which might be fit to effectively regulate trade-based manipulation. The third part contains a comparison of the criminal and administrative sanctions deployed in German and British law to counteract trade-based market manipulation, with particular regard to compliance with the principles of nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege certa, fair trial and the presumption of innocence, as well as with regard to applicability and enforceability.
The reason for comparing the German and British regimes of market manipulation was the introduction of the present objectively phrased prohibition of trade-based market manipulation in section 20 lit. a para. 1 sent. 1 no. 2 and 3 of the German Securities Trading Act (Wertpapierhandelsgesetz, WpHG) which does not require a specific manipulative intention such as the intention to defraud, mislead, induce, influence the price, or gain unjust enrichment. The objectively phrased German prohibition of trade-based market manipulation is based on the prohibition of market manipulation contained in the European market abuse directive which in turn closely mirrors the British prohibition of market abuse. The prohibition of market manipulation contained in the market abuse directive was modeled on the British example, introducing a purely objective definition in order to improve the effective regulation of manipulation in the member states of the European Union. However, the present analysis shows that the German criminal and administrative offences which are based on the objectively phrased prohibition of trade-based manipulation give cause for serious concerns as to compliance with the rule of law. When considering the way this problem is dealt with in the context of the British market abuse regime, certain characteristics of British law have to be taken into account including the pragmatic approach of British law to the principles of legal certainty and the parliamentary reservation of statutory powers. The British regime may therefore not be transferred to jurisdictions such as Germany where a much stricter approach to the rule of law principle prevails.