3D Shape of Past Human Activities: The Illustrative Example of Mining Landscapes

Abstract

Mining archaeology is a discipline that studies the ancient exploitation of mineral and stone resources, as well as its environmental impact. In this paper, the role of 3D spatial analysis in interpreting different interrelated elements in mining archaeology is discussed. This methodological contribution is illustrated through the presentation of case studies selected within the classes of mining landscapes, exploitation structures and stone tools across various dimensional scales. Aimed at rendering the landscape over large areas, the 3D spatial analysis is specifically addressed here for the interpretation of photogrammetric models extracted from aerial photographs. This analysis aims to evaluate morphology, size and type of exploitation activities. The use of 3D models of underground mines helps to visualise the development of the structures and permit the spatial analysis of tool traces left on their surface by exploitation actions. The shape and direction of tool marks allow for the reconstruction of the kind and form of tools and their use. Conversely, the study of working traces on the stone tools enables the comprehension of their function (i.e., hammering, splitting). In fact, high-resolution 3D models of stone tools are digital representations, which are enhanced in their relevant characteristics, making them handy for distinguishing raw stone tools from geofacts and characterising their function. Spatial analysis can also be applied to understand the interrelations between metal tools and tool marks in underground structures, as well as to reconstruct the exploitation technique and gather hypotheses of chronology. The connection of these three levels of investigation allows for the collection of a complete set of clues, which in turn support the understanding and reconstruction of the ancient mining industry in the areas of study. In other words, it is the action of the tools in combination with natural processes through time that models the landscape as we see it. Herein, the models presented are examples selected to support considerations on the application of spatial analysis as an interpretive tool in evaluating interdependent elements in mining archaeology. Finally, these spatial analyses permitted the formulation of interpretations about mining technology.