Abstract:
The Late Cretaceous was a crucial time for the evolution of life on land, and despite its importance, this period is incompletely understood in many places around the world. The uppermost Cretaceous continental deposits of the Haţeg Basin in western Romania have yielded one of the richest and most diverse vertebrate assemblages of Europe, thus being of paramount importance for understanding European Late Cretaceous ecosystems. Although the Haţeg Basin looks back on a research history of more than 120 years, many open questions about the latest Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages remain. This includes, in particular, their diversity, their phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships, as well as palaeoecological aspects. In order to assess these questions, four key specimens were examined for this thesis, a partial turtle skeleton, two ornithopod braincases and one partial skull of a rhabdodontid dinosaur. The first specimen can be confidently referred to the Dortokidae, a European endemic clade of basal Pleurodires. It is morphologically similar to the genus Dortoka but differs significantly from all previously described species of that genus and thus is assigned to a new species, Dortoka vremiri. Phylogenetic analyses recovered the new taxon in a sister-group relationship with a Paleocene dortokid from western Romania, indicating local survival of the lineage across the K/Pg extinction, as opposed to subsequent immigration, as well as the presence of two distinct dortokid lineages, an eastern and a western European one. Additionally, it was possible to demonstrate that the new species occupied a different ecological niche than the only other sympatric turtle taxon from the Haţeg Basin described before, Kallokibotion bajazidi. The two ornithopod braincase specimens have previously been referred to the rhabdodontid Zalmoxes, although they differ markedly from other braincase specimens of that genus described before. A detailed comparison with basal and more derived ornithopods demonstrated that the peculiar morphology of these two specimens is exclusively found in hadro-sauroids. Therefore, the two specimens are re-assigned to the basal hadrosauroid Telmatosaurus. The final specimen examined is a partial skull that resembles rhabdo-dontid dinosaurs. Despite these similarities, the specimen differs considerably from all other rhabdodontid skulls reported thus far and shows a unique and highly auta-pomorphic anatomy, and therefore, it is assigned to a new genus and species, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus. Two sets of phylogenetic analyses placed the new taxon within Rhabdodontidae but were unable to resolve the in-group relationships. Based on the high degree of similarity between Transylvanosaurus and Rhabdodon from southern France, a particularly close relationship between those taxa is suggested, which indicates a more complex biogeographical history than previously recognised. In addition, Transylvanosaurus differs widely from the sympatric rhabdo-dontid Zalmoxes in its skull proportions, indicating a certain degree of niche partitioning between the two genera. The results of this dissertation show that the alpha-level taxonomic diversity of certain groups was higher than previously thought. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxa indicate more complex biogeographical histories than reconstructed before and differential distribution patterns for different vertebrate groups. Finally, it was possible to detect some degree of niche partitioning between the members of the vertebrate groups.