Abstract:
Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a minimally invasive local laparoscopic procedure for treating peritoneal malignancies. Electrostatic precipitation was combined with PIPAC (ePIPAC) to further improve the homogeneity of drug distribution. Under high voltage, aqueous pores appear in the cell membrane leading to higher drug penetration. This process is called electroporation and is widely applied in oncology. Furthermore, electroporation might induce irreversible cell membrane damage, increasing the antitumor effect. Although ePIPAC is already implemented in clinical studies, preclinical data are modest. For instance, the application time is not well established, but according to recent research might play an important role in tumor response to therapy.
In this study, we provided a preclinical background for ePIPAC, where aerosol distribution and sedimentation were investigated in real-time in physical experiments, local toxicity in cell culture model, spatial tissue drug distribution, real-time aerosol absorption, and sedimentation were analyzed in ex vivo models. The influence of application time on tissue drug distribution was complementarily shown. By adding electrostatic precipitation to PIPAC, the floating time of aerosol was less than 25sec after aerosolization, and the median aerosol diameter of the fine fraction, which is responsible for deeper and more homogeneous tissue drug penetration, was stable. In vitro, ePIPAC showed enhanced antitumor activity compared to PIPAC, with a higher number of apoptotic cells right after the treatment and lower cell metabolic activity after 48h. Both procedures inhibit cell growth entirely on day nine after the treatment. In the ex vivo enhanced inverted bovine urinary bladder model (eIBUB), ePIPAC delivered over 100ml of therapeutics within 6min, which was comparable with PIPAC for 36min. However, the spatial drug distribution was more homogeneous after ePIPAC vs PIPAC. Increasing exposure time to 30min led to tissue drug penetration over 4000µm in ePIPAC, versus around 500µm during PIPAC. Moreover, more intense cleaved caspase-3 staining was in the outer layers of eIBUB after ePIPAC, which might confirm a higher apoptosis rate compared to PIPAC. The ex vivo rabbit model showed the same patterns in tissue drug distribution as eIBUB. The tissue drug concentration was higher in visceral organs after ePIPAC vs PIPAC.
In conclusion, ePIPAC allows more homogeneous and deeper tissue drug distribution than PIPAC, with slightly enhanced in vitro toxicity. Ex vivo, ePIPAC had 5 times shorter application time than PIPAC with more intense apoptosis staining in the deeper layers.
The further optimization of ePIPAC requires in vivo studies on a large healthy animal model, e.g. swine, where spatial drug distribution, systemic drug clearance, and toxicity have to be evaluated. By confirming our results, the application time of PIPAC can be reduced with more homogenous drug distribution and higher local toxicity. All this might improve outcomes and the quality of patients’ life affected by peritoneal malignancies.