Abstract:
This thesis focuses on different aspects of the interface between light and gravity. Thecontents can be divided into three thematic areas, corresponding with the connected publications and manuscripts. In the first chapter, measuring the gravitational nearfield of a laser beam is discussed. The second and third chapters deal with the effects of gravity on the propagation of laser light. In particular, we focus first on the effects of cosmological expansion on local experiments and then on the effect of gravity on a soliton in a nonlinear medium.
In the first chapter, we calculate the gravitational field of laser pulses traveling back
and forth in a cavity. We investigate their potential as sources of gravitational perturbations together with ultra-relativistic particle beams and modulated CW-cavities. These sources are then combined with three optomechanical detectors, and we calculate the expected responses of the detectors resulting from the source signals and the noise of the systems. We optimize over the parameters of one of the more promising detectors, a pendulum, for a one-week experiment. This allows us to show that measuring the gravitational signal of the planned high luminosity LHC is not too far-fetched. Thus, while we find that current detectors are unable to detect these gravitational signals, we also show that optimized and specialized detectors combined with future upgrades could open a pathway to the measurability of these signals. This would, in turn, be a stepping stone for accessing gravitational effects of non-classical states.
In the second chapter, we consider laser signals traveling in an expanding spacetime, such as Schwarzschild-de Sitter or McVittie spacetimes. We investigate the effects of the cosmological expansion on both the frequency measurements in a resonator and the frequency shift in double Doppler tracking are calculated for multiple observer fields. Wethen also estimate the potential bounds on the cosmological constant and the Hubble parameter that would result from these types of experiments, using state of the art optical clocks, are estimated. We find that frequency corrections linear in the Hubble constant are an artifact of unphysical observer choices but that, nevertheless, advancements in optical clocks may allow in the future useful bounds to the cosmological constant or the Hubble parameter.
Lastly, we consider the effect of a background spacetime on light traveling in nonlinear Kerr-media. We show that the medium and spacetime can be treated as a combined effective medium and use this in a simplified scenario to obtain a partial differential equation for the propagation of a soliton in a fiber. The propagation of solitons in these media is then simulated and the effects of the background spacetime studied. We also include the effect of mechanical deformations, i.e., photoelasticity, induced by the gravitational forces, which turns out to be the dominant effect.