Abstract:
Generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) via nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO GC) has been implicated in the regulation of many physiological processes. Therefore, it is not surprising that pharmacological modulation of the NO/NO GC/cGMP pathway has been proposed for treatment of several diseases like heart failure and hypertension. The pathophysiological conditions in some of these diseases involve increased oxidative stress and decreased NO bioavailability. Pharmacological NO GC stimulators counteract decreased NO bioavailability, as they can stimulate NO GC synergistically with NO. Oxidative stress, however, might lead to oxidation of NO GC’s heme cofactor, making it unresponsive to NO. NO GC activators specifically activate this heme-oxidized NO GC. The present study aimed to identify the role of the NO GC/cGMP signaling pathway in the kidney and in melanoma, and to explore how NO GC could be utilized as drug target in these tissues.
To address these questions, cGMP was visualized in real time in live cells and tissues using a Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cGMP biosensor. For the first time, the spatiotemporal dynamics of cGMP signals induced by NO, the NO GC stimulators riociguat and BAY 41 2272, as well as the NO GC activator BAY 543 were analyzed in the kidney and in melanoma. Thereby, it was determined in which anatomical structures and under which conditions these drugs exert their effects. The cGMP imaging results were validated with classical immunostaining of tissue sections and Western Blot. Furthermore, the pathophysiological relevance of the NO GC/cGMP signaling pathway in melanoma was investigated by analyzing the in vivo tumor growth in tissue-specific NO GC knock-out mice.
NO increased the glomerular cGMP levels in kidney slices ex vivo. NO GC stimulator potentiated this NO-induced cGMP generation. After ODQ-mediated NO GC oxidation, however, NO as well as NO GC stimulator were no longer able to induce cGMP generation, whilst NO GC activator strongly increased glomerular cGMP levels. In collaboration with specialized labs, these renal effects of NO GC activator were shown to correlate with dilation of glomerular arterioles and improved blood flow in the kidney. In primary melanoma, NO-induced cGMP generation was selectively detected in perivascular cells of the tumor stroma, most likely pericytes. NO GC stimulator potentiated the NO-induced cGMP generation in these tumor pericytes, similar to its effect in the murine kidney. Remarkably, Cre/loxP-mediated NO GC knock-out in the tumor pericytes resulted in reduced tumor growth in male mice, probably via an impaired tumor perfusion.
Taken together, in the murine kidney and in melanoma, NO GC was found to be involved in (patho )physiologically relevant processes. In both tissues, NO GC stimulators potently increased the NO-induced cGMP generation in the vasculature. NO GC activators were ineffective under basal conditions but induced robust cGMP generation in renal glomeruli in the presence of ODQ. These results supported the hypothesis that the growing line-up of NO GC modulators can be utilized for the treatment of diseases involving dysregulated NO/NO GC/cGMP signaling.