Abstract:
Cyclic guanosine 3’-5’-monophosphate (cGMP) is an intracellular second messenger which plays a pivotal role in many physiological processes. Drugs elevating cGMP levels have risen to prominence during the past century. The importance of the cGMP signaling pathway as a target for medical interventions is highlighted in the treatment of vasoconstrictive diseases, as increasing cGMP levels leads to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells. The most well-known cGMP drugs include Sildenafil (Viagra®) and Riociguat (Adempas®) which are used to treat erectile dysfunction and alleviate pulmonary hypertension, respectively. In mammals, two types of guanylyl cyclases are responsible for the generation of cGMP: A membrane-bound particulate guanylyl cyclase (pGC) which is activated by, e.g., natriuretic peptides, and a nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC). Both types of cyclases transform 5’-GTP to cGMP, which leads to activation of different downstream effectors. Many cGMP-induced physiological effects are mediated by the cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI). In platelets (thrombocytes), the NO/NO-GC/cGMP/cGKI signaling pathway plays an important role in hemostasis. In the cardiovascular system, NO is continuously released from endothelial cells into the circulation, leading to activation of NO-GC in platelets, generation of cGMP, activation of cGKI, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. This prevents an excessive activation of platelets and reduces the risk of developing dangerous thrombi.
In a previous study from our working group, it was shown that NO-induced generation of cGMP in platelets is shear-dependent (“mechano-cGMP”). In the first part of this work, we sought to gain insights into the mechanistic basis of mechano-cGMP and identify the mechanoreceptor which converts shear stress, a physical force, into a biochemical cGMP signal. We used classical biochemical methods such as cell fractionation, Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry, combined with state-of-the-art live-cell imaging approaches that allow for the observation of cGMP signals in real time. We hypothesized that a cGMP signaling complex is present at the inner leaflet of the platelet plasma membrane. To test this hypothesis, we fractionated human platelets into cytosolic and membrane fractions. In the latter, we detected the presence of both the NO GC and cGKI. Furthermore, we showed a physical interaction between these two proteins at the platelet membrane via co-immunoprecipitation. To identify more components of the cGMP signalosome, especially potential mechanoreceptors, we analyzed the co-immunoprecipitates of membrane fractions via mass spectrometry and detected several integrins. Integrins are important relays between cells and their environment and have also been described as mechanoreceptors. We therefore tested several integrins for a functional connection to shear-dependent cGMP signaling in platelets. Using platelets from transgenic mice expressing a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cGMP biosensor (cGi500), we discovered that inhibition of integrin αIIb, β3 or β1 attenuated the mechanosensitive cGMP response. In sum, we have identified a membrane-associated cGMP signaling complex containing the NO-GC and cGKI, with integrins serving as mechanotransducers for shear stress. In the presence of NO and mechanical force, the cGMP signalosome generates cGMP leading to the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
In the second part of this work, we explored the pharmacological relevance of mechano-cGMP in platelets. Using the murine in vivo cremaster model, we studied whether the NO-GC stimulator Riociguat affects thrombus development. While Riociguat treatment had no significant effect on initial thrombus growth, it promoted the dissolution of thrombi. Pharmacologically increasing cGMP via drugs to achieve an antithrombotic effect could be advantageous compared to established anticoagulants, as the initial aggregation and sealing process of a vascular lesion is not inhibited due to low shear conditions during this phase. As soon as the developing thrombus grows and platelets in the thrombus are exposed to increasing shear stress, cGMP levels increase and limit thrombus growth. Thus, the mechano-cGMP pathway in platelets may play an important role in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, as its pharmacological activation could minimize both the risk of bleeding and thrombosis.