Abstract:
As part of the Industry 4.0, digital technologies are introduced in blue-collar work at a rapid speed. Adopting new technologies entails enormous potential for organizations and their employees, for instance, by enriching blue-collar workers’ jobs (e.g., Parker & Grote, 2020). Notwithstanding, implementing new technologies successfully represents a major challenge for organizations, as workers often are not motivated to use new technologies or even refuse doing so (e.g., Brynjolfsson & Hitt, 2000; Tiersky, 2017). Thus, it is essential that organizations have adequate implementation strategies (i.e., interventions) to improve workers’ attitudes towards new technology (e.g., increase their enthusiasm and reduce their resistance and job insecurity; Venkatesh & Bala, 2008). However, knowledge about successful technology implementation strategies in blue-collar work is limited—as it is a work context difficult to reach. To address this gap, the current dissertation investigates the research question how digital technologies can be successfully implemented in blue-collar work. More precisely, the current research aims to (1) identify predictors of blue-collar workers’ attitudes towards new (robotic) technologies; and (2) develop and test interventions on how to introduce new technologies and improve attitudes towards them; thereby considering three important indicators of attitudes within this work context—namely, technology enthusiasm, resistance to change, and technology-based job insecurity.
The research questions were examined in three empirical field studies. First, a correlational field study among blue-collar workers examined (actually perceived and desired) work characteristics as predictors of workers’ attitudes towards new technology. The results indicate that work characteristics, indeed, are associated with attitudes towards new technology. Specifically, desired work demands predicted greater technology enthusiasm; whereas a lack of actually perceived work enrichment was related to greater technology-based job insecurity. Work characteristics were not associated with resistance to change.
Second, two experimental field studies in blue-collar work tested interventions to improve attitudes towards new technology. The first intervention, needs-oriented communication, conveyed how a new technology can satisfy the workers’ needs and, thus, illustrated its benefits. The results demonstrate that needs-oriented communication can improve attitudes towards new technology (i.e., increase technology enthusiasm) among employees currently perceiving low job demands (and thus feel capable of using the technology). However, needs-oriented communication also increased technology-based job insecurity among workers perceiving high current task identity. In sum, the results indicate that needs-oriented communication is an effective implementation strategy for employees with low perceived job demands.
The second intervention, enactive mastery experience, in which workers practiced the use of a new technology by direct hands-on training, aimed at increasing workers’ self-efficacy beliefs, and thereby, improving their attitudes. The findings indicate that an enactive mastery experience increases blue-collars workers’ technology enthusiasm, and reduces their resistance to change and technology-based job insecurity (as compared to a vicarious experience); and that this effect is explained by increased self-efficacy for the two former, but not for the latter. Thus, enactive mastery represents an effective strategy to implement new technologies in blue-collar work.
In sum, the findings give insights into the motivational factors contributing to successful technology adoption in blue-collar work. Furthermore, they add to our understanding of how easy-to-be implemented interventions can support successful technology implementation in this work context, indicating that implementation strategies that target employees’ needs or their self-efficacy beliefs can improve their attitudes towards new technologies. Thus, the findings provide a starting point for future research on this topic and can help practitioners to guide effective technology implementation.