Abstract:
Summary:
The research area of the Côte Chalonnaise in Burgundy, eastern France, is located west of the river Saône between Chalon-sur-Saône and Tournus, covering a surface of approximatively 400 km2, measuring around 10 km from east to west. As part of the Rhine-Saône-Rhône rift valley, successive shifting of Jurassic formations form the landscape with its characteristic cliffs, on the slopes of which wine has been cultivated for centuries. There are only a few and small valleys that interrupt this natural barrier between the Saône plain and the western hinterland. Numerous karst formations, such as caves or rock shelters, as well as an abundance of various siliceous raw materials, including flint from the residual clay-with-flint deposits and different Jurassic chert varieties, made the area attractive for human occupation during the Paleolithic (e.g., Part II, Chapter 4).
A multitude of cave, rock shelter and open-air sites bear witness to the fact that these aspects did not go unnoticed by groups of hunter-gatherer groups of the Ice Age. Current evidence suggests that the most extensive use of the region during the Paleolithic period dates back to the late Middle and early Upper Paleolithic, from around 70,000 to 30,000 years before present.
The region’s rich evidence of its paleolithic past soon caught the interest of local and regional scholars and amateur archeologists early on. Thus, starting with first excavations in the 1860s in Germolles (Grotte de la Verpillière I), Culles-les-Roches (Grotte de la Folatière) or Rully (Grotte de la Mère Grand), the Côte Chalonnaise can be counted among the pioneer regions of French Paleolithic research (pioneer phase). Four distinct phases of archeological activity and research during the past 150 years were identified through an extensive review of the literature and archives. On the one hand, these phases are related directly to the documented or known archeological activities themselves, but on the other hand, they can also be found in the contemporary scientific literature (Part I, Chapter 8). Until the first third of the 20th century, further activities consolidated and even expanded upon the insights of the pioneer phase (consolidation phase). The time from the 1940s to the 1970s was characterized by extensive surface prospections (and surveys), and is associated with names like Guillard or Gros (prospection phase), followed by an abrupt decline of archeologically motivated activities for the last quarter of the 20th century. It was not until the resumption of (subsequently ongoing) archeological investigation by Floss (University of Tübingen) at the turn of the millennium, that the region once again garnered research interest (Tübingen phase).
In addition to the analysis of archeological primary sources, i.e., modern excavations, the reevaluation and recontextualization of the comprehensive inventories of the old collections and assemblages constitute a key research objective. In this context, the present thesis makes a significant contribution, beyond the analysis and presentation of the region’s research history. The consistent and comprehensive examination of the various assemblages, scattered in several institutions, from Chalon-sur-Saône (Musée Denon) to Autun (Musée Rolin and Museum d’Histoire Naturelle), Mâcon (Musée des Ursulines), Lyon (Musée des Confluences and the Laboratoire de Géologie) and Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Musée d’Archéologie Nationale), was carried out by the author and the Floss working group. This, together with the close contact to local collectors, enable the author to present this quantitative overview of the most important inventories of the region for the first time, including a chronological classification according to typo-technological aspects (Part I, Chapter 6).
The main focus of this thesis is the detailed analysis of the identifiable Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifact components within the assemblages of the two open-air sites La Roche in Saint-Martin-sous-Montaigu and En Roche in Germolles (Part II, Chapter 1&2). The identification of on-site blank production activities, including the respective technological approaches, is based on an analysis of both metrics and artifact features. For both sites, the import of raw materials and their reduction according to distinct concepts, as well as subsequent tool production, are evident for both the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. During the Middle Paleolithic occupation, blank production is dominated by the Levallois concept, with primarily preferential or recurrent centripetal reduction. Tool production is not limited to morphologically diverse target blanks, but also comprises decortication and configuration blanks. In the Upper Paleolithic assemblages, blank production is focused on blades. With mostly straight to slightly curved profiles, their production relies primarily on unidirectional cores. These are often only marginally configured, based on initial cresting, which can be placed into an early Upper Paleolithic context. In addition, the production of end scrapers exhibits a certain degree of prior selection of bigger robust blades within the available spectrum.
While a distinct lamellar industry is only marginally present in En Roche, the assemblage from La Roche contains the whole spectrum of early Upper Paleolithic bladelet cores in abundance. In addition to carinated pieces, as classic Aurignacian types, the assemblage also contains prismatic or pyramidal cores, typical of Protoaurignacian contexts. In this respect, the assemblage displays a close resemblance to that from Grotte de la Verpillière I in Germolles. Although the stratigraphical context of the pieces is unknown, based on radiometric dating from Grotte de la Verpillière I, as well as a comparison with more distant sites such as the Grotte du Renne (layer VII) or the Trou de la Mère Clochette, a multi-phase occupation of the site, starting in the earlier phases of the Aurignacian, appears probable.
The region’s geographic setting allows the identification of several hypothetical areas of influence, namely the northeast, towards the Burgundian Gate, the northwest, towards the Paris basin, and the south, towards the Mediterranean coast (Part II, Chapter 3.2). The same is true for the Middle Paleolithic, which, in a regional comparison, seems much more homogeneous than previously thought (Part II, Chapter 3.1). In addition to a consistent blank production via Levallois, the Middle Paleolithic assemblages of the Côte Chalonnaise contain a steady proportion of bifacial forms (five to six percent). Furthermore, the continuous presence of Keilmesser (with trenchet blow) within the assemblages suggests an affiliation to the late Middle Paleolithic Keilmessergruppen, which is further supported by radiometric dates from the sites of Grotte de la Verpillière I and II.
To date, particular routes of influence, for example through large amounts of specific imported raw materials, cannot be identified. During the Middle and Upper Paleolithic occupation, raw material supplies relied on local and regionally available sources to up to 90%. In contrast to the Middle Paleolithic, the use of local chert during the Upper Paleolithic is documented only sporadicly. A few individual pieces of paleocene freshwater flint – particularly within the Upper Paleolithic assemblages – may constitute long-distance imports from the Estrelles region, 110 km to the northeast.
For the sites within the Côte Chalonnaise itself, however, it was possible to work out a differentiated structure based on their topographical position (e.g., in the plain, in mid-hight on a slope or near a plateau) in conjunction with the size and composition of the assemblages (Part III, Chapter 2). This leads to a first hypotheses of specific types of sites and their corresponding function within the Paleolithic habitat.
On the basis of the foregoing results, this thesis provides a solid foundation for further research, focused on more specific aspects.