Abstract:
This thesis explores the statistical mechanics of idealized model systems of hard-core rods and “sticky” hard rods, as well as the behavior of a machine learning algorithm. Rods are constrained to square and cubic-type lattices: in monolayer confinement ((2+1)D), in the three-dimensional bulk (3D), and in full confinement to two dimensions (2D).
We study rods in (2+1)D in a basic model system for early stages of thin film growth with anisotropic particles. We write, develop, and execute a very large array of kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of the nonequilibrium dynamics. The physics of monolayer growth with sticky hard rods is extremely rich. The bounty of phenomena on metastable phases and complex phase transition kinetics we find has not been addressed before by comparable simulation or analytical models. We identify at least five different phase transition scenarios; the different dynamical regimes are traceable in the 2D plane (“map”) spanned by the reduced temperature (or attraction strength) and deposition-flux–to–diffusion ratio. The rod-length as well as simple substrate potentials further shift these regimes and alter the topology of the “map”, i.e. the set of phase transition scenarios. The specific model choice for microscopic rotational dynamics of rods is another, surprisingly important factor altering the kinetics and, therewith, the morphological evolution.
For the limiting case of purely hard-core rods, we find excellent agreement between KMC simulations and a corresponding lattice dynamical density functional theory formulated for monolayer growth. The latter is based on a lattice fundamental measure theory formulated for our hard-core rods on lattices. Deviations to KMC simulations are most visible near jamming transitions. In the same, purely hard-core limit, we compare the lattice rods to a continuum model of hard spherocylinders – first in equilibrium, then under growth conditions. These show strong qualitative similarities, despite entailing different
“equation-of-states” (virial coefficients).
We simulate 3D and 2D systems of hard and sticky hard rods in the grand canonical ensemble to characterize their phase behavior, focusing on the isotropic–nematic orientational transitions. The nature of 3D nematic ordering is very different when compared to e.g. liquid crystal models in the continuum. We find this transition is only weakly first-order in the purely hard-core limit. Moreover, for rod-lengths 5 and 6, ordering is realized when one orientation is suppressed rather than dominant – a unique feature of the fully discretized degrees of freedom. We present the 3D bulk phase diagrams for sticky hard rods at multiple rod-lengths, and another for full 2D confinement. In the latter, a heightened competition between isotropic–nematic and vapor–liquid ordering transitions leads to presumably tricritical behavior.
We train beta-variational autoencoders (β-VAEs) – an unsupervised and generative machine learning algorithm – on configurations of the 2D sticky-hard-rod model in order to better understand their learning capabilities and limits. The algorithms appear to “coarse grain” the configurations of the hard rods. The upper limit on the resolution, i.e. how detailed the reconstructed or generated configurations appear, is set by the chosen latent-space dimension. The specific level-of-resolution is also sensitive to the hyperparameter β, where mode collapse occurs past a threshold value. We interpret the latent variables as fluctuating collective variables in the rod system. Intriguingly, at the threshold state of β, these form a broad, “disentangled” coarse-graining hierarchy. The first two latent variables are identifiable with the 2D thermodynamic order parameter of the rod system. The paired encoding on latent space – the means and variances for the multivariate Gaussian model posterior – renders highly sensitive information to thermodynamic (Boltzmann-Gibbs) states of the rod system. The full generative model appears to (approximately) represent a critical state that could be expected for a finite-sized system. However the interpretability of the model remains limited as it does not represent a true thermodynamic state.