Abstract:
Diagnostic assays are commonly performed in central laboratories. They rely on sophisticated analytical methods requiring expensive and bulky equipment as well as highly trained personnel. On the other hand, point of care offers an alternative for fast turnaround, simple and affordable diagnostics, thus enabling early medical intervention and a better clinical outcome. So far, point of care has failed to deliver on the small molecules front. This is due to the fact that most point of care assays are based on immunoassays. Based on antibodies, the quantification of small molecules remains a challenge due to their intrinsic properties and the unavailability of different binding epitopes. This limits available formats to competitive assay with its associated drawbacks e.g. inversely proportional signal and difficulty of labeling target molecules. In contrast, aptamers offer alternative detection formats that could enable the design of point of care for small molecules. Nevertheless, previous approaches lacked the required simplicity, sensitivity, multiplexing, or high-throughput. Although the first two are considered basic requirements, they are dependent and usually, a compromise has to be made on either. Building on this, this work aimed to tackle these bottlenecks through different strategies. In the first project, aptamers were combined with a qPCR instrument for a bench-top high-throughput method for small molecules. Through measuring the melting point of the aptamer beacons, a quantification of ethanolamine was possible. Unlike ELISA and other antibody-based approaches, there are no washing or blocking steps. This is the first report on the quantification of small molecules based on measuring aptamer melting temperatures. Binding to the target results in a structure stabilization and a corresponding increase in the melting temperature. While the assay offers a high-throughput and sensitivity, it still is relatively complex in comparison to hand-held point of care (POC) assays. Therefore, my second project was focused on a hand-held POC with no readout devices necessary. In the second project, the focus was to design a simple yet sensitive platform for small molecules (e.g. ethanolamine) in a low resource setting. To this aim, magnetic particles were functionalized with ethanolamine binding aptamers and used in a plastic capillary platform. The assay was based on the strand displacement format and 3 layers were built on the capillary surface. Firstly, the capillaries were coated with a layer of anchoring oligonucleotides. To this layer aptamer-magnetic particles were hybridized resulting in the second layer. Additionally, to avoid free aptamers (i.e. not hybridized), oligonucleotide-magnetic particles were hybridized to the aptamers facing away from the capillary surface. When an ethanolamine containing sample is introduced, the magnetic particles are displaced and collected using a permanent magnet. This resulted in a visually detectable magnetic spot. The combination of simplicity and visual detection make this assay ideal for low resource settings. While the first two platforms are theoretically capable of multiplexing, this remains experimentally challenging. For the qPCR instrument based method, one will need aptamers with significantly different melting temperatures. Alternatively, indirect multiplexing could be achieved through the use of short beacons competing for the target binding site. However, this requires full characterization of the aptamer's binding structure. On the other hand, the capillary platform will need color coding of the magnetic particles. This is experimentally challenging giving the present technologies. Based on the previous, the third project aimed at developing a POC with multiplexing capabilities. Accordingly, a duplex LFA was designed to quantify interleukin 6 (IL-6) and thrombin simultaneously. The platform consisted of red-emitting QD-thrombin binding aptamer and green-emitting QD-IL-6 binding antibody, combined with a lateral flow with a streptavidin test line and anti-mouse antibody as a control line. The readout setup based on a smartphone combined with a 3D-printed dark box with a built-in UV light. This enabled detecting both analytes on the same test line without the need for physical emission filters.