Abstract:
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) alleviates all cardinal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease patients. However, the underlying mechanism of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the STN is poorly understood. Extensive electrophysiological in vitro and in vivo research has failed to deliver a uniform explanation of the DBS phenomena. The data concerning the influence of STN stimulation on the neuronal activity of the basal ganglia are often contradictory.
The current study was performed in intact, urethane-anesthetized rats. It explores the effects of high-frequency STN stimulation on the electrophysiological activity of the external globus pallidus (GPe), the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). To assess the modulation of neuronal activity by stimulation, extracellular single-cell recordings were performed before and after HFS of the STN, in up to three basal ganglia nuclei simultaneously, which provides a significant advantage over previous studies exploring the modulation of a single basal ganglia nucleus.
The results of the present work show that HFS of the STN modulates the activity of all examined basal ganglia nuclei. STN stimulation inhibits GPe activity, most likely due to stimulation-induced inhibition of the excitatory glutamatergic projections from the STN. The majority of the SNr neurons were inhibited by STN stimulation, suggesting a similar monosynaptic modulatory mechanism. However, a minority of SNr neurons displayed increased activity after STN stimulation. This effect is most likely polysynaptic, involving the inhibitory pallidonigral projection. PPN neurons were found to respond to STN stimulation both by decreased and increased activity in the same proportion. Inhibition of the PPN is probably caused by stimulation-induced inhibition of the excitatory projections from the STN, whereas excitation of the PPN occurs most likely due to disinhibition via GABAergic projections from the SNr.
Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that HFS of the STN modulates the activity of the whole basal ganglia network, suggesting that the clinical effect of STN-DBS in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease represents a complex phenomenon that extends beyond the restoration of the pathological hyperactive basal ganglia output.