Abstract:
In the past years, cancer-immunotherapy has gained more and more momentum. To this end, several studies provide evidence that immunological control can contribute to remission, long-term control, or even cure of malignant disease. Apart from unspecific strategies including immune checkpoint inhibitors, advanced antigen-specific approaches hold the promise to target cancer cells more specifically. Particularly T-cell-based strategies are on the advance to restore immune responses and thereby improve the outcome in patients. The prerequisite for such approaches is the selection of feasible targets for anti-cancer T-cell responses. Ideally, such targets are tumor-associated peptides that are frequently and exclusively presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) on malignant cells. To identify such antigens, our group implemented a mass spectrometry-based approach with subsequent immunological characterization of the identified peptides. This thesis aims at the further characterization of the identified T-cell epitopes for the development of antigen-specific immunotherapy concepts to target myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and multiple myeloma (MM). CHAPTER 1 illustrates the comprehensive mapping of the naturally presented immunopeptidome landscape in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We detected spontaneous preexisting T-cell responses against novel, frequently presented, highly immunogenic, CML-associated peptides and induced multifunctional and cytotoxic antigen-specific T cells de novo in CML samples. Thus, we validated these antigens as prime targets for T-cell-based immunotherapy. In CHAPTER 2 we identified novel frequently presented MPN-associated peptides in primary samples of BCR-ABL-negative MPN patients. Alignment of MPN- and acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-exclusive antigens revealed a significant proportion of shared proteins. In consequence, we detected in vitro multifunctional memory T cells specific for AML-associated T-cell epitopes in MPN patients. CHAPTER 3 provides a proof-of-concept study for the natural HLA-dependent presentation of peptides derived from intracellular domains of established tumor-associated surface antigens as potential targets for immunotherapy. We identified the HLA-B*18 ligand P(BCMA)B*18 derived from the B-cell maturation antigen on primary MM and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples. P(BCMA)B*18 is highly immunogenic as demonstrated by spontaneous BCMA-specific T-cell responses in MM samples. Combination of P(BCMA)B*18 with in vitro immune checkpoint inhibition in MM samples induced multifunctional cytotoxic T cells de novo. P(BCMA)B*18 is thus a promising target for immunotherapy and immunomonitoring in B-cell malignancies. Taken together, we provide a novel category of highly immunogenic antigens for tailored off-the-shelf T-cell-based and combinatorial immunotherapy approaches to target hematological malignancies and to circumvent leukemic transformation and progression of disease.