Abstract:
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) enable users to control a computer by using pure brain activity. Their main purpose is to restore several functionalities of motor disabled people, for example, to restore the communication ability.
Recent BCIs based on visual evoked potentials (VEPs), which are brain responses to visual stimuli, have shown to achieve high-speed communication. However, BCIs have not really found their way out of the lab yet. This is mainly because all recent high-speed BCIs are based on synchronous control, which means commands can only be executed in time slots controlled by the BCI. Therefore, the user is not able to select a command at his own convenience, which poses a problem in real-world applications. Furthermore, all those BCIs are based on stimulation paradigms which restrict the number of possible commands. To be suitable for real-world applications, a BCI should be asynchronous, or also called self-paced, and must be able to identify the user’s intent to control the system or not. Although there some asynchronous BCI approaches, none of them achieved suitable real-world performances.
In this thesis, the first asynchronous high-speed BCI is proposed, which allows using a virtually unlimited number of commands. Furthermore, it achieved a nearly perfect distinction between intentional control (IC) and non-control (NC), which means commands are only executed if the user intends to. This was achieved by a completely different approach, compared to recent methods. Instead of using a classifier trained on specific stimulation patterns, the presented approach is based on a general model that predicts arbitrary stimulation patterns. The approach was evaluated with a "traditional" as well as a deep machine learning method.
The resultant asynchronous BCI outperforms recent methods by a multi-fold in multiple disciplines and is an essential step for moving BCI applications out of the lab and into real life. With further optimization, discussed in this thesis, it could evolve to the very first end-user suitable BCI, as it is effective (high accuracy), efficient (fast classifications), ease of use, and allows to perform as many different tasks as desired.