Abstract:
In this thesis we investigate the statistical physics of model fluids with anisotropic
particle interactions, i.e. interactions that depend on the relative orientation of the
fluid particles to each other. In the fields of soft matter and biophysics, anisotropic
interactions occur for instance in many protein solutions or can explicitly be designed
in colloidal fluids in order to achieve certain desired material properties. Orientationdepend
interparticle forces arise also in many atomic fluids; for instance, the directional
interactions between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water are responsible for many
of its anomalies, most notably the fact that the liquid phase is denser than the solid.
A widely employed framework to describe directional interactions is the model of
patchy particles, which consists of hard spheres decorated with a specific number of
attractive interaction sites (patches). If two sites of distinct particles overlap, a bond
between the latter is formed. Detailed studies based on theoretical considerations
and computer simulations have revealed that this rather simple model is capable of
describing many features of the thermodynamic phase behavior, structure and dynamics
of real fluids with anisotropic interactions.
Seminal work by Wertheim has paved the way towards a theoretical understanding
of the rich bulk phase behavior of uniform patchy fluids. Determining structural
properties, such as correlation functions, however, is still a challenge for liquid-state
theories. In this work we employ classical density functional theory (DFT) and
computer simulations in order to investigate structural properties of patchy fluids,
which includes bulk pair correlation functions or density profiles in the vicinity of solid
surfaces such as a hard planar wall. In addition, we also put attention to the dynamic
properties of patchy fluids.
Besides fundamental considerations from the perspective of liquid-state theory,
we shall focus explicitly on an experimental system in which patchy interactions are
believed to play a crucial role: protein solutions in the presence of multivalent metal
ions. In these systems, the latter can bind to the protein surfaces and thereby act
as mediator of a highly-directional interaction between the proteins. Building up
on an existing simple model for the protein bulk phase behavior, we for instance
demonstrate that experimentally observed protein adsorption at substrates attracting
the proteins can successfully be understood with a DFT formulation of this protein
model. The results are relevant for many interdisciplinary fields such as biology and
medical sciences.