Abstract:
The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infections worldwide and a growing threat due to the development of antibiotic resistances. A special concern is the emergence of highly pathogenic community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA). While there is not much known about the molecular basis for their enhanced virulence, it likely involves upregulation of several virulence factors. As such, this thesis focusses on the regulation of the cell wall glycopolymers wall teichoic acids (WTA) and capsular polysaccharide (CP) and their impact on CA-MRSA virulence. For WTA, we were able to show that an increased WTA amount in the cell wall contributes to enhanced virulence of CA-MRSA. This is mediated by increased tarH expression as a result of enhanced Agr activity and derepression of tarH by the Agr antagonist Rot. CP is important for immune evasion due to its anti-phagocytic properties. However, since it simultaneously inhibits adherence by masking the underlying adhesins, both the presence and the absence of CP has been reported to be advantageous for S. aureus. While there are several acapsular strains emerging due to mutations in the capsular biosynthesis gene cluster (capA-capP) or the promoter region (Pcap), CP synthesis can also be switched off in response to environmental conditions via a complex regulatory network. Furthermore, CP expression has been shown to be strictly temporal and only present in a subset of stationary phase cells. We could show that on the transcriptional level this peculiar expression pattern is the consequence of direct SigB-dependent regulation and interference of cap repressors such as Rot, CodY and SaeR with the Pcap upstream region. Interestingly, this part of the promoter also contains a weak SigA-dependent promoter. Next to transcriptional regulation, there are post-transcriptional mechanisms involved to avoid conflict between precursor usage by the different cell wall glycopolymer biosynthesis machineries in growing bacterial cells. Of note, strains from the prominent CA-MRSA USA300 lineage are usually acapsular. This could be one strategy to ensure the high precursor amounts needed for increased WTA biosynthesis and to avoid possible opposing functions of CP and WTA in regard of adhesion. Elucidating the regulation of WTA and CP biosynthesis contributes to increase their potential as antigen in vaccine development and as prospective target for novel anti-infective strategies.