Abstract:
Anecdotal references and sayings attribute a beneficial effect of sleep on solving problems, especially if these are difficult. Currently scientific results are split. Some sleep research teams found beneficial effects on problem-solving, particularly for difficult problems (Sio et al, 2013). Other teams could not corroborate this (Landmann et al, 2016). Moreover, results indicate that sleeping after solving analogical problems facilitates the solution of logical problems after wakening (Monaghan et al, 2015).
Sleep is a heterogenous process of distinguishable sleep stages (Rechtschaffen, 1968). Although studies keep providing new evidence for models and theories that postulate how subconscious sleep-facilitated improvements in learning, memory and problem-solving occur, there are no definitive answers yet (Almeida-Filho et al, 2018). As a possible equivalent for memory consolidation, neuronal activity during a task is replayed in a coherent and temporal order in a succeeding rest period (Hoffman & McNaughton, 2002). The reactivations may help to incorporate new types of information into preexisting memories (Gisquet-Verrier & Riccio, 2012).
The reactivation of specific memory loops can be triggered in subjects, even when asleep (Rasch et al, 2007). This “targeted memory reactivation” (TMR) at large has produced increases in sleep-dependent memory processing, utilizing either olfactory or auditory stimuli as triggers (Schouten et al, 2017). Evidence has emerged that the rapid eye movement sleep stage (REM sleep) may be directly involved with the selectivity of sleep-dependent memory consolidation (Oudiette et al, 2013; Stickgold & Walker, 2013). REM sleep memory reactivations may reduce self-imposed constraints, thereby facilitating creative and analogical problem-solving (Lewis et al, 2018).
This present study used auditory targeted memory reactivation (TMR) of problem-associated memories to facilitate the solution of a specific video game level (Problem-Solving Test, PST). Furthermore, this study used a second video game level with an analogical solution strategy (Analogical Problem-Solving Test, APST), which had been shown to increase the solving rate of logical problems (Monaghan et al, 2015). In the present study 32 subjects participated and were allocated to the REM sleep TMR group (REM Stim) and to the active wakefulness TMR group (Wake Stim). After the video game training session (including an attempt at the Problem-Solving Test), REM Stim subjects slept overnight in the sleep laboratory and auditory TMR was applied during REM sleep. After a 45-minute break, Wake Stim subjects received auditory TMR while working on a vigilance task and pursued their regular day schedule outside the laboratory, to return in the evening for further testing. During the testing session half of each group started with the Problem-Solving Test (PST) and the other half with the Analogical Problem-Solving Test (APST) and all attempted to complete both levels.
This study found no beneficial effect for REM sleep TMR over active wakefulness TMR on solving rate or speed of the PST. The theory that REM sleep memory reactivations facilitate problem-solving was not confirmed (Lewis et al, 2018). A beneficial effect of sleep for problem-solving as described by other authors was not found (Beijamini et al, 2014; Sio et al, 2013). PST solving was facilitated by prior APST solving only for REM Stim subjects. APST solving rate was higher in the REM Stim group. These results support that sleep improves analogical problem-solving (Monaghan et al, 2015). Possible confounding effects were mental and mood state, sleepiness and subjective video game experience. Apart from the latter, these effects seem to be partly related to the circadian rhythm (Borb & Achermann, 1999).
Future studies should try to replicate these results with control conditions of slow wave sleep TMR and no TMR sleep and wake groups. Additionally, larger sample sizes should be used, to further assess the overall importance of sleep and TMR for problem-solving. Enhancing sleep procedures to optimize cognitive capabilities remain an interesting prospect for further research.