Abstract:
Social anxiety (SA) is the fear of embarrassment and humiliation in social situations caused by the expectation of negative evaluation from others. In some individuals, this fear reaches a pathological level called social anxiety disorder (SAD). A core mechanism in the maintenance of this disorder is thought to be a distorted perception in socially anxious individuals which is due to cognitive biases: Socially anxious persons tend to interpret neutral or ambiguous stimuli as threatening (i.e., interpretation bias) as well as they are hyper-vigilant towards threatening stimuli (i.e., attention bias). Moreover, previous research suggests that socially anxious individuals have deficits in emotion regulation. The goal of the present study was to use laughter as a new ecologically valid stimulus material to investigate cognitive biases and their modulation through emotion regulation and cue ambiguity in individuals with varying degrees of social anxiety. To this end, laughter sequences were produced and evaluated in four pre- studies with regard to their recognizability, valence, arousal, dominance and authenticity, in order to select appropriate laughter stimuli for the study. The pre-studies showed that the utilized stimuli were recognizable with regard to their expressing laughter type and that there was an integration effect in the sense that recognition rates were higher in audiovisual than in unimodal (auditory or visual) presentation.
After that, the selected laughter cues were presented to individuals with varying degrees of social anxiety and their assessment of the presented laughter sequences was recorded: A combination of a negative laughter interpretation bias and an attention bias away from joyful/social inclusive laughter in SA was observed. Both biases were not attributable to effects of general anxiety and were closely correlated with the concept of gelotophobia, the fear of being laughed at. Thus, the study demonstrates altered laughter perception in SA. Furthermore, it highlights the usefulness of laughter as a highly prevalent social signal for future research on the interrelations of interpretation and attention biases in SA and their modulation through emotion regulation.