Abstract:
Recently, bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsMAb) yielded promising results regarding
the treatment of various malignant diseases. However, the serum levels that can be safely
achieved in humans remain suboptimal in terms of saturation of the tumor-associated
antigen (TAA), as the application of higher doses results in systemic cytokine release
and transient leukopenia. Off-target activation of circulating immune cells, stimulated by
the BsMAb, could explain most of the side effects observed after in-vivo application of
BsMAb.
In this work, immunoassays were conducted, which showed that BsMAb are capable of inducing T cell proliferation in the absence of target cells. Furthermore, it was
demonstrated that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as various
lymphoid cell lines markedly amplify this effect. They are acting as stimulating bystander
cells (SBCs). Several lymphoid and non-lymphoid cell lines did not exhibit this property,
thus ruling out allogeneic effects.
Functional assays were conducted to characterize blocking antibodies directed against
costimulatory and adhesion molecules on both stimulating bystander cells and immune
cells, that are capable of reducing off-target activation. Antibodies against CD54, CD2,
and TNFα reduced off-target activation markedly, whereas antibodies directed against
CD18 as well as prednisolone blocked it completely.
Further experiments addressed the effect of blocking reagents on the induction of on-
target activation and subsequent killing of tumor cells by T cells after stimulation with
BsMAb. Prednisolone and aCD2 antibodies impaired tumor cell killing markedly, while
only minor reduction was observed with aCD18 and aTNFα antibodies.
Using an adhesion assay, it was shown that PBMCs adhere to a HUVEC layer to a
higher extent when stimulated with BsMAb compared to unstimulated PBMCs. Antibodies directed against CD18 could greatly reduce this phenomenon.
In summary, aCD18 and aTNFα antbodies appear to be promising agents for the prevention of cytokine release after application of BsMAb. Eventually, they could replace
prednisolone as first line drug, since prednisolone exerted a pronounced inhibition of
BsMAb-induced tumor cell killing. However, further in-vivo assays need to be conducted
to further characterize the blocking properties of aCD18 and aTNFα blocking antibodies
and possible side effects, such as a higher susceptibility to infection.