Abstract:
Hypoxia has been shown to be a negative prognostic marker for survival and the occurrence of metastatic disease for patients with various kinds of tumours. It has been shown previously that for two SCC tumors grown as xenografts in nude mice hypoxic tumour cells showed a significantly lower amount of residual DNA double strand breaks (DSB) compared to normoxic cells. However, it was not possible to assess the duration and exact timing of hypoxia exposure in relation to irradiation in this experimental setting. Therefore, we aimed to study the influence of hypoxia exposure at different timeframes in relation to irradiation on cellular survival and the amount of residual DNA double strand breaks. Three human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines with differences in their intrinsic radiation sensitivity were exposed to hypoxia prior, during or 24 hours after irradiation and consequently either seeded in parallel for colony formation assay (CFA) and for γH2AX assay or processed for western blot analysis.
For normoxic conditions we were able to reproduce the observed differences in intrinsic radiosensitivity both in terms of CFA and in terms of γH2AX assay. Irradiation under hypoxic conditions led to an increase in cellular survival and a decrease of residual DSBs with similar oxygen enhancement ratios (OER) for all cell lines (OERmean =2.36). Based on the mean number of residual foci we were able to recalculate the observed survival curves and accurately estimate the OER values. Exposure to hypoxia after irradiation did neither alter cellular survival nor the amount of residual γH2AX foci. Interestingly, long term incubation under hypoxia prior to irradiation resulted in diverse effects on cellular survival, namely radiosensitization in SKX (HMF=0.76), induction of radioresistance in FaDu (HMF=1.54) and no effect in UT SCC-5 cells (HMF=1.10). These phenotypic behaviors were consistent when cells were exposed to hypoxia either during or after irradiation additionally or were chronically hypoxic. Under this condition, western blot analysis revealed increased phosphorylation of ATM and DNA PKcs after irradiation for UT SCC-5 and to a lesser extent also for FaDu cell line. Interestingly, we observed homogenous downregulation of Rad51 after pre-irradiation incubation under hypoxia.
In conclusion, our data indicates a significant role for hypoxia tolerance on cellular radiation sensitivity for cells exposed to hypoxia prior to irradiation for prolonged periods of time. Furthermore, our data suggests that ATM might have an important impact on cellular adaptation and cellular survival in a hypoxic microenvironment. Enhancing our knowledge on hypoxia is important to overcome treatment resistance of hypoxic tumors.