Abstract:
Alcohol dependence and borderline personality disorder are two complex psychiatric disorders. Although studies indicate a high genetic heritability of 40 – 60% for these diseases, the remaining variability still has to be investigated. One major contributor to this “missing heritability” is thought to be explained by epigenetics. Epigenetics includes a number of pathways that ultimately alter gene expression. The most studied mechanism is DNA methylation, which occurs on cytosines in the context of cytosine-guanine dinucleotides. Methylation of DNA can act as steric hindrance and, by recruiting further proteins, promote histone deacetylation and additional de novo DNA methylation usually resulting in decreased gene expression. Here, we examined epigenome-wide T cell DNA methylation in alcohol dependent patients compared to healthy controls, as well as before and after an alcohol treatment. We found that global DNA methylation was decreased in patients compared to controls, but reverted back after the alcohol treatment, leading to the loss of significant differences compared to controls. In addition, we identified unique sets of differentially methylated sites and genes between patients and controls and between patients pre- and posttreatment. From these unique sets, we further identified sites and genes which changed during the alcohol treatment. To verify our epigenome-wide results, we validated our top-ranked hits by pyrosequencing and, additionally, aimed to replicate them in an independent cohort and in whole blood DNA. The fact that we found both SRPK3 and HECW2 differentially methylated in T cells and in whole blood supports their potential value as novel blood-based biomarkers for alcohol dependence. In addition, we investigated DNA methylation of APBA3 and MCF2 in borderline personality disorder patients compared to healthy controls as well as before and after a 12-week dialectical behavior therapy. Although we did not detect statistically significant differences in DNA methylation between patients and controls, we found that both genes were higher methylated pre-treatment in patients responding to therapy compared to non-responders. This indicates that APBA3 and MCF2 DNA methylation might be potential candidates of novel predictive epigenetic biomarkers for dialectical behavior therapy outcome. However, further studies are needed to replicate these results in independent cohorts and to decipher the role these genes might play in the respective disease.