Abstract:
The prevalence of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 30, has been rising on a
worldwide scale over recent decades. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are associated with health impairments, e.g., insulin resistance and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, as well as reduced quality of life. Therefore, the physiological systems that regulate energy intake and body weight are of great interest not only to basic research but also as possible targets of interventions to improve metabolic control. Several endogenous neuropeptides released in association with metabolic function have been investigated for their potential to block orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) and to promote anorexigenic (appetitesuppressing) signaling cascades in the brain as well as for their insulin-sensitizing and stress-regulating properties. The present thesis aims at characterizing the role of three of these neuropeptides, i.e., oxytocin, insulin, and orexin A, in the control of food intake, HPA axis activity, and, respectively, glucose metabolism in humans. For these investigations, the intranasal administration paradigm is the method of choice because it enables neuropeptides to bypass the blood-brain barrier and reach the central nervous system quickly, efficiently, and non-invasively while peripheral uptake is minimized. Three studies were performed in which we investigated the impact of oxytocin via the intranasal route (24 IU) on eating behavior and
metabolic function in obese men (mean BMI of 32.10) in comparison to normal-weight men (mean BMI of 22.66; Study I), the influence of intranasal insulin administration (160 IU) in elderly (70.0 years) and young subjects (23.6 years) on early-sleep nadir concentrations of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol, i.e., indicators of baseline HPA axis activity (Study II), and the acute glucoregulatory effect of intranasal orexin A administration (500 nmol) during an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy young men (Study III). In Study I, intranasal oxytocin exerted an acutely inhibitory impact on food intake that was enhanced in obese compared with normal-weight men in that hunger- as well as reward-driven eating was attenuated by oxytocin in obese participants, whereas normal-weight subjects only showed a reduction in reward-driven snack intake. HPA axis secretion and the postprandial rise in plasma glucose were blunted by oxytocin in both groups. In Study II, intranasal insulin reduced cortisol levels during early sleep in elderly but not young participants, indicating that central nervous insulin can act as an inhibitory signal in basal HPA axis activity regulation. In particular, insulin may normalize sleep-associated HPA axis activity in elderly subjects who show relatively increased nadir values of stress hormones during early sleep. In Study III, intranasal orexin A attenuated the peak excursion of plasma glucose and lactate levels and blunted the initial increases in insulin and C-peptide concentrations in response to a glucose challenge, findings that are in line with respective animal studies. Taken together, these results indicate that oxytocin, insulin, and orexin A, in addition to their well-characterized role in other organ systems and bodily functions, contribute to the regulation of, respectively, feeding behavior, stress axis activity, and glucose homeostasis in humans. These results bode well for potential clinical applications of oxytocin, insulin, and orexin A in the treatment of metabolic disorders.