Abstract:
Since their theoretical prediction in 1934 and the serendipitous discovery of the first pulsar in 1967, neutron stars remain among the most challenging objects in the Universe. Thanks to the advancement of theory, experiments, and observations, many aspects of their nature have been deciphered, yet their inner structure is still unknown. Gravitational waves emitted by neutron star oscillations can be used to obtain information about their equation of state, that is, the equation of state of dense nuclear matter. As discovered in the 1970s, certain oscillation modes can be secularly unstable to the emission of gravitational radiation, via the so-called Chandrasekhar-Friedman-Schutz (CFS) mechanism, thus rendering gravitational-wave asteroseismology a promising probe of the neutron star interior, especially after the recent birth of gravitational-wave astronomy. After its initial growth phase, the instability is expected to saturate, due to nonlinear effects. The saturation amplitude of the unstable mode determines the detectability of the generated gravitational-wave signal, but also affects the evolution of the neutron star through the instability window, namely the region where the instability is active. In this work, we study the saturation of CFS-unstable f-modes (fundamental modes), due to low-order nonlinear mode coupling. Using the quadratic-perturbation approximation, we show that the unstable (parent) mode resonantly couples to pairs of stable (daughter) modes, which drain the parent's energy and make it saturate, via a mechanism called parametric resonance instability. The saturation amplitude of the most unstable f-mode multipoles is calculated throughout their instability windows, for typical and supramassive newborn neutron stars, simply modelled as polytropes in a Newtonian context. Contrary to previous studies, where the saturation amplitude is treated as a constant, we find that it changes significantly throughout the instability window and, hence, during the neutron star evolution. Using the highest values obtained for the saturation amplitude, a signal from an unstable f-mode may even lie above the sensitivity of current, second-generation, gravitational-wave detectors.