Abstract:
Teachers play a significant role in the academic development of gifted elementary school students (e.g., Brighton, Moon, Jarvis, & Hockett, 2007; Rost & Schilling, 2006). Specifically, their judgments about which students from their classrooms are gifted—and therefore those who have the potential for or show excellent achievement (see Sternberg & Davidson, 2005)—are important, for example, when they are involved in the identification process for gifted education programs. The present dissertation deals with elementary school teachers’ beliefs and judgments about giftedness: what they believe giftedness is, whom they see as gifted, and how they judge facets of giftedness among students who they see as gifted. By means of three empirical studies, beliefs about giftedness were related to a scientific conception of giftedness and judgments were connected to teacher variables, with student characteristics on the individual and class levels, and with parent judgments.
Study 1 explored the question of which beliefs teachers hold about giftedness. Based on a modern conception of giftedness, eight dimensions for beliefs about the content and development of giftedness were derived. Four groups were compared: student teachers, elementary school teachers, and teachers of a gifted education program of which some were also school teachers. Additionally, respondents’ beliefs were set into relation with the number of years in general classrooms and in the gifted education program as well as with beliefs about the malleability of intelligence. The theoretically derived dimensions could be empirically supported. Notwithstanding the huge diversity of beliefs, teachers tended to agree with the conception of giftedness used. Partial measurement invariance was achieved between the groups. The beliefs of student teachers differed the most from those of the other teachers, whereas the latter were similar to each other. No or few differences in beliefs were found for years working in a general classroom or gifted education program. However, beliefs about giftedness were related to beliefs about intelligence.
Study 2 explored the question of which elementary school students got nominated by teachers for a gifted education program. It was hypothesized that the probability of getting nominated was positively related to students’ individual intelligence, but also that a negative reference group effect would occur. Hence, the probability of getting nominated should also be negatively associated with the average level of intelligence in a class. Furthermore, the effects of experience in the area of giftedness, beliefs on whether giftedness is holistic or domain-specific, and beliefs on whether intelligence is malleable or fixed on the reference group effect were investigated. As expected, students’ individual intelligence was positively associated with the probability of getting nominated. Also, support was found for the negative reference group effect: Students had higher probabilities of getting nominated when they were in classes with lower average levels of intelligence than students with similar intelligence scores who were in classes with higher average levels of intelligence. The negative reference group effect was stronger for teachers who saw giftedness as holistic instead of domain-specific. Teacher beliefs about intelligence had no effect, but different kinds of experience in the area of giftedness were differently connected to the reference group effect.
With Study 3, teacher judgments of nominated students were compared with parent judgments and the effect of congruence between both judgments on students’ German and math grades was investigated. Judgments about verbal and mathematical abilities, deductive reasoning, creative thinking, and engagement were measured. Teachers and parents were compared concerning their judgmental accuracy levels and whether their judgments were affected by halo effects. Furthermore, the congruence between teacher and parent judgments was determined. The accuracy levels of teacher and parent judgments did not differ from each other. Both judgments were affected by halo effects, but teachers were more affected than parents. The congruence between teacher and parent judgments was low to mediocre overall. High teacher and parent judgments were related to better German grades in an additive matter. Higher parent judgments of mathematical abilities and engagement reduced the associations between teacher judgments and math grades.
In the general discussion, the results of the three studies are summarized and critically discussed. Furthermore, implications for research and educational praxis are deduced.