Abstract:
Cilia are evolutionary conserved organelles which protrude from almost every polarized eukaryotic cell. These hair-like organelles are vital for human and animal development and physiology being associated with cell cycle and proliferation. Depending on its molecular structure cilia can be classified in motile and immotile cilia. Immotile cilia, also called primary cilia, are characterized by the lack of a central microtubule doublet and generally serve as sensory organelles. Based on the fact that cilia are present in cells and organs of the human body, malfunction of ciliary proteins and defects in cilia lead to a wide range of human diseases which are summarized under the term: ciliopathies. To understand the underlying mechanisms of ciliopathies, it is crucial to study processes within cilia. So far, no biosynthesis machinery is described within a cilium. To transport proteins from the cytoplasm to the tip of a cilium, which is essential for the ciliary assembly and its maintenance, the bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT) is necessary. This transport mechanism is driven by motor proteins and two multiprotein complexes IFT-A and IFT-B. IFT-A, consisting of six known complex components, is involved in retrograde transport of protein cargo from the ciliary tip back to the cell body. As described in previous studies, malfunction of IFT-A proteins leads to an accumulation of IFT-B particles in the ciliary tip which results in shortened and bulged cilia. Additionally, mutations within genes encoding IFT-A proteins are described to cause ciliopathies like Sensenbrenner syndrome which is characterized by ectodermal as well as skeletal anomalies. The presented study aims to investigate stoichiometric and structural properties of IFT-A, which is essential for the molecular function of IFT-A during intraflagellar transport and is assistant to unveil its role in IFT-A-related diseases.
As basic prerequisite of this study, Flp-In monoclonal cell lines stably expressing N-terminally Strep-Flag (SF)-tagged baits were generated to circumvent the influence of artificial overexpression on stoichiometry of the protein complex. Three different baits were chosen: IFT122, an integral part of the IFT-A, TULP3 which is described to be associated with the IFT-A and LCA5 which represents an rather labile and transiently bound interaction partner of IFT-A. Using an integral part of the protein complex of interest (Flp-In (N)-SF-IFT122) led to a drastic change in complex composition. Due to the higher affinity of TULP3 to IFT-A compared to LCA5, higher amount of the IFT-A complex could be purified from Flp-In (N)-SF-TULP3 enabling a more robust determination of the stoichiometric and structural investigation.
To determine complex stoichiometry performing absolute quantification, the establishment of a targeted mass spectrometry approach is crucial. Depending on the applied mass spectrometer, two different approaches were set up: Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) and Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM). Another important step for the absolute quantification is the generation of a standard mix containing known amounts of representative peptides for the proteins of interest. To create an economic equimolar standard mix, the already described “Equimolarity through Equalizer Peptide” (EtEP) method was used. At the end, absolute quantification performing PRM on a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer in combination with an equimolar standard mixture was used to study complex stoichiometry of IFT-A. Data analysis was performed using the software Skyline. This study unveiled naturally occurring compositions of IFT-A which change during different stages of ciliogenesis and cilia disassembly. To investigate the impact of disease causing variants on the composition of IFT-A, CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to generate targeted mutations within genes encoding two IFT-A proteins (IFT43 and WDR35) in Flp-In (N)-SF-TULP3 cells. One of the generated monoclonal cell lines, carrying a mutation in the gene encoding IFT43 (c.541_542insA/p.T181Nfs*2), showed significant changes within IFT-A complex composition that could explain the malfunction.
The second part of this study aims to determine binding sites within IFT-A by chemical crosslinking in combination with mass spectrometry that serve as basis for structural models of IFT-A. For chemical crosslinking of purified IFT-A, the homobifunctional amine-reactive crosslinker dissuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) was used. This crosslinker contains two identical N-hydroxysuccinimidyl groups which enable the formation of stable amide bonds with primary amines of N-termini and lysine residues of proteins. Based on a defined spacer length of DSS (11Å), distance information of cross-linked peptides can be achieved. To enrich low abundant cross-linked peptides before LC-MS/MS analysis, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a common used prefractionation method. However, SEC is time-, labour- and cost-intense. A facilitated method to reduce sample complexity prior to the analysis of cross-linked peptides is portrayed in this study. This economic method is based on preseparation using 3kDa CutOff spin columns. For the identification of linked peptides the computational software pipeline xQuest/xProphet was used. To illustrate identified links, free available software Xinet was used afterwards. Identified crosslinks as well as cross-linked positions within a protein sequence using both preseparation methods were comparable. Applying chemical crosslinking to purified IFT-A, well-known interaction domains within the complex components were confirmed. Furthermore, new crosslinking hotspots which are not described so far were identified in this study.
With the data obtained in this study, the foundation of a structural model of the IFT-A can be generated by combining the determined complex stoichiometry with obtained structural information of the protein complex IFT-A.