Abstract:
The theoretical studies reported in this thesis concern the equilibrium properties of a crystalline solid in a classical system. For this purpose, Density Functional Theory (DFT) is introduced and its variational principle is explained. For the particular case of a hard–sphere mixture, density functionals of Fundamental Measure Theory form are introduced. Among the more sophisticated versions of the FMT functionals which account for freezing, the tensorial version of the White Bear Mark II (WBII) functional is employed and previously reported accurate results for an fcc crystalline structure are recovered, i.e. the free energy, liquid–solid phase coexistence densities, and the vacancy concentration for a one–component system. Furthermore, by an appropriate extension of a general solution of the scaled–particle differential equation to inhomogeneous systems, a new class of free–energy functional for the hard–sphere system is constructed. The functional is also capable of describing the liquid–solid phase transition. The resulting functional is less complex from a numerical point of view since it does not require tensorial weight functions. The obtained solid and fluid phase coexistence densities of the vectorial functional, as well as their corresponding free energies, the coexistence chemical potential, and the coexistence pressure, are in fairly good agreement with Monte–Carlo (MC) simulation results.
In order to investigate in the following a colloid–polymer mixture in the context of the Asakura–Oosawa (AO) model, the WBII(tensor) functional is linearized with respect to the polymer density. The obtained crystal free energy curves are qualitatively similar to those of a simple fluid with attractive interactions between the particles. Furthermore, a comparison of the method with a standard mean–field approximation shows that the FMT functional takes care of the attractive part of the effective potential between colloidal particles in a fundamentally different way. The mean–field approximation underestimates the attractive part of the potential and thus yields inaccurate phase coexistence densities. On the other side, the obtained liquid–solid phase coexistence densities from constrained minimization of the linearized WBII(tensor) functional are in good agreement with available simulation data for large polymer–colloid size ratios q > 0.6. While in this limit up to the triple point, the phase coexistence densities remain almost the same as pure hard–sphere system, the broadening of the liquid–solid coexistence region is more pronounced for smaller q’s. For sufficiently small polymer–colloid size ratio, i.e. q ≤ 0.31, the fluid–fluid phase transition becomes metastable. Here, the fluid branch of the fluid–solid coexistence density is determined by a sublimation line whose corresponding colloid density varies from a rather high density at the hard–sphere limit, to very small values at higher polymer reservoir packing fractions. Moreover, using the linearized functional we are able to obtain the equilibrium polymer density distribution in an fcc crystal of the colloidal particles. We have shown that for smaller q’s the majority of polymers fill the interstitial sites. This is not true for larger polymers, q > 0.6, which tend to fill the vacant lattice sites. By performing a full minimization of the functional, we have observed an anisotropy in the colloidal density profile equivalent to those of a pure hard–sphere system. For small q, these anisotropies are slightly enhanced. We have also observed an increase in the equilibrium polymer density at the lattice site after full minimization.
The thermal vacancies are investigated for the crystalline solid in equilibrium. Based on the work by Stillinger et al., an expansion of the crystal partition function is derived in terms of number of freely moving particles in the background of particles frozen at their lattice sites. Using this expansion, we have derived an expression for the equilibrium vacancy concentration n vac,eq . This expression relates the Gibbs free energy of vacancy formation, ∆G_v = −k_B T ln n_vac,eq with k_B the Boltzmann constant and T the temperature, to a term corresponding to the crystal equation of state and a “vacancy integral” which contains the vacancy entropy and the missing interaction energy of the removed particle. For hard–spheres as a purely repulsive system, there is a good agreement with obtained results from FMT and MC simulation. For studying the AO model, we have rearranged the proposed series of the crystal partition function. The obtained n vac,eq in the AO model, shows a fairly good qualitative agreement with FMT results for q ≤ 0.6. We have also applied the method to the Lennard–Jones (LJ) system. A proper comparison with available simulation results shows good agreement for the obtained values of the Gibbs free energy of the vacancy concentration. Moreover, the obtained equation of state using the first order approximation of the partition function, agrees with the parametrized LJ equation of state proposed by van der Hoef. We have investigated nickel as an exemplary case for a metal with fcc crystalline structure. For this purpose we have used the Embedded–Atom–Model (EAM) which gives a classical description of a many–body potential between atoms. Based on the sensitivity of the obtained result to the parametrization of the EAM potentials, we conclude that the Gibbs free energy of vacancy concentration at finite temperatures should be considered in such parametrizations from the beginning.
Finally, the numerical methods and required analytical expressions for a proper implementation of the FMT functionals are outlined in appendices. Here, for the pure hard–sphere system as well as for the AO model, I have determined explicit analytical forms for the excess chemical potential of the FMT functionals in inhomogeneous systems which are essential for the full minimization of the corresponding functional.