Abstract:
The densely wooded West Anatolian mountains, hills, and valleyships are full of ruins and the remains of deserted
rural settlements that encompass more than two millennia. That applies to the Troad as well. These ruins act as
silent contemporary witnesses and valuable indications of the centuries-long struggle of rural and nomadic people
for a marginal life and modest social conditions. There are several reasons for the recent decay of settlements.
The traditional small farming systems in the Turkish mountains usually feature forest pastures for breeding goats
and sheep, with additional agriculture on infertile and small plots of cleared land. These allow only marginal
subsistence, and that is also the situation today in parts of the Troad. But why do we find continually expanding
settlements that gradually become denser in population, and yet, several decades later, the farmsteads have been
abandoned as have the neighboring villages?
The plausible reasons for the increasing settlement density include strictly controlled settlement policies by
the government for domestic consolidation, with a tax increase after a period of political weakness and instability,
and spontaneous private processes of land acquisition and settlement extension by the rural population,
which grew rapidly in connection with regional prosperity and political stability.
What were the reasons for the apparently random and serious abandonments of settlements? We know such
processes from mediaeval Europe too, where there were wars, epidemics, climate change, inflationary economic
developments, and an increasing shortage of arable land, in part due to the law of succession in equal shares or
as a result of population pressure. Farming on marginal cultivated areas also forced the peasants to abandon
their land. The reasons in Anatolia – in different regions and at different times – were mostly the same. So we can
discern within the Troad as well as in other West Anatolian mountain areas five noticeable phases of settlement
and farmstead abandonment since the Byzantine period:
• during the course of armed conflict at the time of the change from »Christian« to »Islamic« rule, which ran parallel
to climatic changes and processes of »nomadization«; • during the period of weakness of the late Ottoman empire, in connection with civil strife and the recurring expansion
of nomadism between the late 17 th and the 19 th century;
• during the period of pestilence in Western Anatolia from the 18 th to the middle of the 19 th century;
• in connection with the Turkish war of liberation and the population transfers within the first half of the 20 th
century;
• as a result of the contemporary migrations that have occurred since the second half of the 20 th century.
The increasing shortage of arable land for the growing rural population, apparent for about half a century in
many wooded mountain areas of Turkey, is not a single event in the history of the modern eastern Mediterranean.
But during the 15 th and 16 th centuries, for example, we find new settlement foundations as a result of
a high population pressure in Anatolia – a development that is very unlike the situation today. Even during the
course of antiquity there was a distinct reaction to a similar challenge – not by rural exodus and the abandonment
of settlements, as one finds today, but by increasing the acquisition of land, cultivating cash crops, and extending
those crop areas on terraces within regions that had been previously valued only as pastures. Surveys
within West Anatolian mountain areas give us numerous indications for such developments, which Hanson calls
the »quiet revolution« of antiquity. This featured modified cultivation methods and social change in the country,
improvements in working conditions, the input of different agro technologies and new plant species, irrigation
and planting on marginal acreage, and varied agriculture on increasingly isolated farms. Within the recent
and problematic hinterland regions of the wooded mountains of West Anatolia, however, these »modern«
methods of intensifications have largely been absent until now.