Abstract:
Performing a task, for example the selection of links during hypertext reading, raises cognitive demands, that is, induces cognitive load. Cognitive load may be attributed to working memory (WM) functioning. Core executive functions (EFs), like updating, shifting, and inhibition, may define the executive (i.e., working) part of WM and thus may be essential for WM functioning. Consequently, cognitive load may result out of the demands on core EFs during task performance. Brain oscillatory activity as captured in the electroencephalogram (EEG) by frequency band power in time-frequency representations (TFRs) might serve as a measure for demands on core EFs. Especially, EEG alpha frequency band power could serve as a global measure of the cognitive load-situation which grounds in demands on core EFs. Pupil dilation, which can be more efficiently acquired as compared to the EEG, might also be used as a measure of the overall load-situation.
Yet, the role of core EFs for WM functioning has been rarely studied to date, and the interplay of core EFs and their relation to WM is still matter of debate. Most important, the use of the physiological measures EEG alpha frequency band power and pupil dilation for assessing demands on core EFs and the global cognitive load-situation in complex, real-world task settings of hypermedia environments have to be studied further. Especially, possible non-cognitive factors have to be ruled out which might confound the physiological measures. In the current doctoral thesis, we therefore addressed in three studies ranging from basic to applied research 1) the relationship of core EFs and WM, 2) the interplay of core EFs, and 3) the use of EEG alpha frequency band power and pupil dilation as measures for increased demands on core EFs in a task setting of applied research, namely for hypertext reading and link selection.
In Study 1, we addressed the relationship of core EFs and WM by comparing two commonly used WM tasks, an n-back and an operation span task, and a simple digit span task that is generally considered as a short-term memory task. Conceptually, the two WM tasks should comprise demands on all three core EFs, whereas the simple digit span task might mainly demand the EF updating. Overall, the outcomes of Study 1 revealed that EEG correlates were more similar between the n-back and the operation span task as compared to the simple digit span task, thus confirming the conceptual similarities between the two WM tasks.
In Study 2, we addressed the interplay of core EFs like updating and inhibition which might be due to a common underlying factor of controlled attention. We manipulated demands on two core EFs, updating and inhibition, within one single WM task. This was done by using congruent and incongruent flanker items (inhibitory demands) as stimuli in an n-back task paradigm (WM updating demands). The outcomes of Study 2 revealed a decreased flanker interference effect under severe load on updating for most of the load-related measures (P300, alpha frequency band power, pupil dilation), indicating the activity of an underlying common network structure which might serve processes of controlled attention and thus might enhance inhibitory control under severe load on WM updating.
In Study 3 a)-c), we addressed the research question whether alpha frequency band power and pupil dilation could serve as comparable measures for demands on core EFs in a complex, real-world task setting of hypertext reading and link selection. Importantly, we carefully ruled out possible perceptual-motor confounds which often hamper the interpretability of hypertext studies using physiological measures. Overall, our results showed that both physiological measures can be used to assess changes in the load-situation during link-selection processes. Surprisingly however, albeit showing a comparable result pattern, the two measures did not correlate with one another. At this point we can only speculate about this rather unexpected outcome. Clearly, more research is necessary on this.
In sum, we were interested in alpha frequency band power as an overall measure of cognitive load which may be grounded in demands on core EFs. Thus, alpha frequency band power served as dependent measure in all three studies and was supplemented by beta frequency band power, theta frequency band power, P300, and pupil dilation in some studies. Each study might serve as an initial step for conducting further research on core EFs using physiological measures in each specific task setting we used. Overall, the outcomes underline the use of physiological measures like alpha frequency band power and pupil dilation for studying core EFs in task settings of basic and applied research. EEG alpha frequency band power can be used as a measure of cognitive load which grounds in demands on core EFs.