Abstract:
Sensing bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), is based on the ability to recognize them via special germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system, so called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NODs). These receptors are expressed almost ubiquitously on and inside of several cells types, e.g. epithelial and immune cells. They are able to recognize distinct and highly conserved bacterial molecules, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS via TLR4), lipoproteins (LPPs via TLR 2/1 and TLR 2/6) and, according to previous literature, peptidoglycan (PGN via TLR2, PGN fragments via NOD2), which is the main constituent of the bacterial cell wall. The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of PGN in activating the immune system and to investigate its putative role in diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, Morbus Crohn, ulcerative colitis and food allergies. Therefore, we developed a new method for isolating highly pure PGN in sufficient amounts and tested this molecule and its fragments, along with synthetic lipopeptides, in several invitro cell assays. For instance, we could show that pure polymeric PGN (>5mer, PGNpol), isolated from a LPP-deficient S. aureus SA113 mutant strain (SA113Δlgt), did not induce an immune response or maturation of murine dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, co-stimulation of polymeric PGN with a TLR2 ligand, namely LPPs residing within the PGN meshwork of isolated PGN from a wildtype S. aureus strain (SA113), led to a significant increase in IL-6, as well as IL-12p40 and the respective maturation markers (MHC-II, CD40). A similar response was observed for stimulation of a monocytic cell line (Mono-Mac-6 cells) and a macrophage cell line (J774 cells), where application of PGNpol alone did not induce the expression and secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α, respectively. Furthermore, the cutaneous application of S. aureus in-vivo suppressed an adaptive immune response by expressing IL-6, which in turn induced and recruited Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the site of infection. More importantly, application of a TLR2/6 ligand (Pam2Cys or diacylated LPPs) elicited the same response in vivo, but a TLR2/1 ligand (Pam3Cys or triacylated LPPs) could not achieve the same effect. MDSC recruitment also reduced the degree of ear swelling. These findings provide an explanation for why and how certain bacteria are able to colonize on our skin without inducing an immune response. In addition, to clarify a putative role of PGN in inducing allergies, ovalbumin-expressing staphylococcal strains (intracellular vs. extracellular expression) have been cloned, using a xylose-inducible expression system (staphylococcal pTX vectors). These constructs were transformed into several staphylococcal strains (SA113Δspa, SA113Δlgt, SA113ΔoatA, SA113ΔtagO, S. carnosus TM300), which differ in their cell wall composition. The resulting strains were sequenced and the ovalbumin-expression was verified by westernblot analysis using a monoclonal anti-ovalbumin antibody and in T cell proliferation assays. With these strains, we will be able to elucidate a putative role of PGN recognition in inducing or inhibiting allergic responses in-vitro and in-vivo.