Abstract:
Within the context of the research project "Rock properties of thick claystone series" of the Federal State
Geological Service of Baden-Württemberg (Geologisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg) 18 deep and 29 shallow
boreholes where drilled at six representative hydrogeological investigation sites within the Opalinus clay formation,
exposed NW of the escarpment of the Swabian Alb. Different methods for the quantification of hydraulic
conductivities were evaluated. These borehole tests were accompanied by hydrogeological field methods as well
the analysis of rock parameters using core material and the analysis of many water samples. A hydrogeological
testing scheme is proposed for the evaluation of waste disposal sites situated in claystones, offering suitable and
economically feasible methods for site characterization.
For a preliminary examination of potentially water bearing fractures, optical and acoustic borehole measurement
techniques, as well as squeeze tests, (a series of short pulse tests) proved to be a suitable initial approach. The
quantification of the rock hydraulic permeabilities can be obtained by means of double packer tests (pump-, slug-,
drillstem-, pulse tests). As a more cost effective alternative to standard testing procedures fluid logging has been
successfully employed for the localization and quantification of the fracture discharge into boreholes. The hydraulic
conductivities of the unsaturated zone are determined by modified injection tests. Several aquifer models are
discussed for the Opalinus clay formation and conventional as well as more advanced techniques are discussed.
In addition to the borehole testing methods the implementation and the results of seismic and standard
hydrogeological techniques e.g. pumping tests, tracer tests, potential and discharge measurements are discussed for
the Opalinus clay. Laboratory sample examinations such as water content, density, particle size distribution,
carbonate content and rock strength parameters give important clues to the degree of weathering and disintegration
of the parent rock. Essential information concerning possible groundwater movements can be obtained from the
chloride concentration of the interstitial pore water. Water samples derived from fractures show distinct ion and
isotope contents give an indication on the degree of groundwater circulation.
The unweathered and saturated zone of the Opalinus clay shows a distinct separation into two hydraulic domains,
a more permeable zone of groundwater circulation and a deeper hydraulically more or less impermeable zone of
stagnating conditions. The permeable domain shows an open, mostly horizontally oriented fracture system that is
caused by the stress release due to erosion of the overlying strata. With an effective fracture volume of 0.7%, the
fracture transmissivities range in the order of 10-6 to 10-4 m²/s. The thickness of this relatively permeable domain is
closely related to the geomorphological development and the topographic relief at the respective sites. Thicker
zones of disintegration of up to 30 m are developed below old vallies and topographic ridges. Thinner zones of
groundwater circulation are found below geologically young valley systems.
Below the zone of groundwater circulation the Opalinus clay shows very low hydraulic conductivities ranging from
10-11 - 10-8 m/s. Chloride rich and thus only partially diluted interstitial pore waters show that advection is only an
important factor over a geologic time scale.
The ability of the Opalinus clay to perform as a geological barrier depends significantly on the topographic history
of the respective site. Due to horizontal ground water flow conditions at sites with a thick permeable zone of
disintegration, they provide only little retardation capacity for potential leaks from a waste disposal site. Fairly good
prerequisites in comparison are found in young valley systems, where the impermeable domain is covered by only
a thin zone of disintegration and groundwater discharge is limited to directions trending the valley base.