Abstract:
In today’s society, whenever breaking news is subject of discussion, one can be quite sure that Twitter played a role in the dissemination process of the news. Twitter is a Web 2.0-application for writing and sharing short information, and makes it easy to spread news. As news is an integral part of our lives, mechanisms of spreading news become crucial. With Twitter, and its easy sharing feature of retweeting, not only journalists are able to disseminate news but also average Internet users. However, against the background of an uncountable amount of existing news, the question arises which news is going to be shared and which one is not. The present dissertation aims to answer this question by considering two categories of characteristics: first, characteristics of the tweets’ content, and second, characteristics of the particular context.
Regarding content criteria, the dissertation draws on news value theory, a theory that makes assumptions about which news is selected by journalists and recipients from the perspective of communication research. Since also average Internet users take part in the dissemination process of news, the so-called news factors are re-examined from a psychological perspective. As a result, the notion of informational value is introduced. Informational value is defined as the property of news to affect a large audience and/or to have the potential to impact the audience’s minds.
Regarding contextual criteria the dissertation draws on research on awareness and social navigation. As in computer-mediated communication settings usually certain information is missing (e.g., information about others’ preferences or interests), it can be provided and made salient, hence users can get aware of it. Therefore, such provided additional information is called awareness information. Awareness information in the Twitter context can be seen from two perspectives: First, awareness information about the audience can be provided. Such audience awareness should lead to audience design, that is, adaption of the communication behavior according to the audience’s properties. Second, awareness information about agents, that is, other Twitter users who also share news, can be provided. This agent awareness should result in social navigation, that is, following the behavior of many others. Agent awareness could be also seen as recommendations about what to retweet.
In order to test the potential influence of these criteria of content and context, five experimental studies (one online study and four laboratory studies) were conducted. The results confirm the assumptions about informational value and show that high informational value has a strong and stable influence on retweeting across all studies. Further, audience awareness indeed leads to audience design, meaning that retweeting behavior is adapted according to the audience’s interests. Next, also agent awareness influences retweeting behavior in a way that retweeting decisions are adapted according to what others have already often retweeted. However, neither audience awareness nor agent awareness moderates the influence of informational value on retweeting decisions. Only information about who the agents actually are does so. This means, if it is known of whose traces the recommendation stem from, the influence of informational value on retweeting is moderated.
Taken together, this dissertation provides insights into mechanisms of news selection in the Web 2.0 context. Indeed, content of news has a meaningful impact on whether news is going to be shared or not. However, also another aspect, which is a central characteristic of the social Web, affects retweeting decisions: other people. Research for this dissertation was done in an interdisciplinary fashion and encourages further research on this topic combining methods and approaches of different disciplines.