Abstract:
In this thesis, phi Josephson junctions based on 0-pi junctions with a ferromagnetic interlayer are studied.
Josephson junctions (JJs) with a ferromagnetic interlayer can have a
phase drop of 0 or pi in the ground state, depending on the thickness of
the ferromagnet (0 JJs or pi JJs). Also, 0-pi JJs can be realized, where one
segment of the junction (if taken separately) is in the 0 state, while the
other segment is in the pi state. One can use these pi Josephson junctions
as a device in superconducting circuits, where it provides a constant phase
shift, i.e., it acts as a pi phase battery.
A generalization of a pi JJ is a phi JJ, which has the phase phi in the ground
state. The value of phi can be chosen by design and tuned in the interval
0 < phi < pi . The phi JJs used in this experiment were fabricated as 0-pi JJs
with asymmetric current densities in the 0 and pi facets. This system can
be described by an effective current-phase relation which is tunable by an
externally applied magnetic field.
The first experimental evidence of such a phi JJ is presented in this thesis.
In particular it is demonstrated that (a) a phi JJ has two ground states +phi
and -phi, (b) the unknown state can be detected (read out) by measuring
the critical current Ic (Ic+ or Ic-), and (c) a particular state can be prepared
by applying a magnetic field or a special bias sweep sequence. These
properties of a phi JJ can be utilized, for example, as a memory cell (classical
bit).
Furthermore, a phi Josephson junction can be used as a deterministic
ratchet. This is due to the tunable asymmetry of the potential that can be
changed by the external magnetic field. Rectification curves are observed
for the overdamped and the underdamped case.
Moreover, experimental data of the retrapping process of the phase of a
phi Josephson junction depending on the temperature is presented.