Abstract:
Pore formation is a common natural mechanism occurring in large number of organisms where proteins are involved as toxins, effectors in immune response or apoptosis. Despite intense research, the structural and dynamic aspects of oligomerization and membrane permeabilization by pore forming proteins remains poorly understood. In this work we have aimed to provide a better understanding on dynamics, oligomerization and pore forming process of two proteins; a) Equinatoxin II, b) Bax (Bcl2 family) via single molecule imaging. Equinatoxin II (EqtII) is a alpha-PFT from sea anemone that oligomerizes and forms pores in sphingomyelin-containing membranes by insertion of a alpha-helix at N-terminus. Here, we characterized the spatiotemporal organization of EqtII in living cells by single molecule imaging. We found that EqtII exists as a mixture of oligomeric species up to tetramers in the plasma membrane of the target cell. Upon membrane binding, toxin clustering correlates with pore formation and proceeds via sequential addition of EqtII monomers. Based on our findings we propose a new concept for the mechanism of alpha-PFTs: efficient killing of the target cells is achieved by only a small fraction of toxin molecules engaged in pores. Bax is a pro-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 protein family. Upon apoptotic stimuli, Bax forms pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane releasing cytochrome c and other apoptotic factors into the cytoplasm. The arrangement of Bax membrane-bound complexes, and how the complexes porate the membrane, is far from being understood. . Here, we have determined the stoichiometry of Bax oligomers using model membranes. Furthermore, we have also investigated the effect of membrane curvature on Bax oligomerization and kinetics of Bax oligomerization. Our results demonstrate that Bax forms oligomers of up to six units and that it oligomerizes via dimer condensation. Moreover, the oligomerization does not depend on membrane curvature at least in the range studied here. Bax assembly is very fast, as it forms oligomers in less than a minute. Our findings provide a better understanding on pore forming mechanism by Bax which will help in designing the inhibitors for cancer therapy, ischemic heart disease etc.