Abstract:
Approaching positive and avoiding negative stimuli are fundamental principles of behaviour. The Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) assesses both automatic, compatible reactions (avoid negative, approach positive) as well as their regulation in incompatible conditions (approach negative, avoid positive). So-called stimulus response compatibility effects (SRC effects) denote enhanced reaction times (RTs) in incompatible compared to compatible conditions. Here, in 6 studies, the neuronal (fNIRS, fMRI) and neuropsychological (ERPs) correlates of such SRC effects were investigated in healthy persons reacting to positive and negative IAPS pictures.
Most relevant were the following findings: For negative pictures, analyses revealed the mechanism of controlled attention allocation (P3 ERP) to mediate the relation between the personality trait goal-oriented pursuit and behaviour: Stronger willingness to actively regulate behavioural responses was associated with higher controlled attention allocation to the incompatible compared to the compatible condition and – thereby – with less automatic avoidance tendencies in response to negative pictures, i.e., with higher efficiency of regulation.
Furthermore, an ad hoc developed, cued GoNoGo AAT variant was combined with fMRI: The cue event indicated participants to prepare a response, while the move event signalled to realize it (Go trials) or to inhibit it (NoGo trials). For negative pictures, strong neuronal response preparation at the cue event in the anterior cingulum, insula, thalamus, frontal and parietal cortices was followed by even faster incompatible than compatible reactions. The more negative and arousing participants rated the pictures, the stronger they showed response initiation processes at the move event in the right midbrain and – thereby – the stronger the observed reversed behavioural effects were (mediation analysis). In NoGo conditions, the inhibition of automatically elicited, compatible response tendencies required more regulation via the superior parietal lobule than the inhibition of prepared incompatible reactions. In contrast, for positive pictures, incompatible reactions were mainly regulated at the move event (frontal and parietal cortices) and resulted in prolonged RTs. Missing neuronal regulation effects in the NoGo conditions further indicated positive pictures to elicit only weak compatible approach tendencies. In sum, these results revealed a higher conflict potential for the incompatible reactions approach negative than for avoid positive. In line with previous findings on the negativity bias, this might indicate avoidance reactions to negative stimuli to be more strongly elicited and more important than approach reactions to positive stimuli.
These findings are discussed in the context of neuronal and neuropsychological models of behavioural control, but also with regard to explanations of SRC phenomena from cognitive-emotional psychology. Furthermore, the shown interindividual differences are discussed with regard to previous assumptions that SRC effects constitute universal phenomena.