Abstract:
Immune responses determine disease courses and have a major impact on the generation of pathologies. They can lead from clearance of infection to chronic disease course. Cytokines and chemokines are key mediators of such responses. Aim of this work was to elucidate immune reactions and putative immune regulation in different helminth and protozoan parasitic infections, and the possible impact of immune responses on pathology in parasitic diseases.
Distinct immune response patterns were observed in patients with different course of Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE). Patients with stable and especially progressive disease course presented with elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory IL-17B while serum levels of soluble receptor IL-17RB were highly elevated in all AE patients. In contrast to this, serum levels of pro-inflammatory Th17-type IL-17F were drastically reduced in all AE patients. This observation paralleled with reduced secretion of IL-17F by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) from AE patients after stimulation with Echinococcus multilocularis antigens, compared to healthy controls. These results reveal a selective suppression of pro-inflammatory immune responses against common parasite antigens. The distinct secretion patterns observed in different disease courses suggest a possible use of IL-17 family members in staging of Alveolar Echinococcosis.
Chronic parasitic diseases can lead to cellular anergy. In onchocerciasis, such anergy can be overcome by medical intervention. This will lead to reinstallment of immune reactivity, but might also lead to hyperactivation and immune disorders. Parts of this work investigated immune reactivity in onchocerciasis patients following ivermectin treatment. Clearance of microfilaria (Mf) paralleled with enhanced serum levels of mediators of cellular immunity, while mediators of humoral immunity remained unchanged. However, these upregulated mediators of cellular immunity are not only involved in inflammation, but have also been allocated roles in various immune-mediated diseases. The results of this work underline the reactivation of immune reactivity following anti-parasitic treatment and suggest mechanisms which might lead to the generation of subsequent immune disorders.
Pathology in infections can be caused by the pathogen itself, but also by the immune system. Part of the current work sought to determine pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses during mild and severe malaria tropica in infants. The results of this work showed an enhanced production of pro-inflammatory Th1, Th2, Th17 and further immune response mediators in severe malaria. Several of these cytokines and chemokines also seem to play a role in driving pathology. The results point out an important role of immune responses in the generation of pathology in infant malaria tropica.
The development of immune responses against endemic parasites takes time to develop during lifetime. Part of this work determined in different age groups the evolution of parasite-specific immune patterns, which are generated throughout repeated infection, possible clearance and reinfection. While parasite-specific secretion patterns were observed for different pro-inflammatory mediators, the production of regulatory mediators in response to all parasite antigens enhanced with age. The results mirror the generation of parasite-specific responses but also an adaptation of regulatory immune reactivity to protect from chronic inflammation, thus avoiding organ and tissue damage.