Abstract:
Discussion on renewable energies is again important due to the negative consequences of energy production by fossil fuels and nuclear energy, particularly after the nuclear accident in Fukushima. Demands for energy security and protection of the environment are arising and therefore supporting the development of renewable energies. Hence, the use of shallow geothermal energy can play an important role in the future. Its usage however, might result in changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the subsurface and groundwater ecosystem. Groundwater plays a big role not only as a source of drinking water for the population but is also important for several life-forms and therefore is considered as a good which deserves protection.
In this study the current situation of shallow geothermal energy was analyzed with emphasis on the sustainability and legal situation in order to give suggestions for its long-term sustainable use and securing. Therefore, the influence of shallow geothermal energy on the groundwater and the underground was analyzed.
At the same time, the legal situation of ground source heat pump systems in Germany was evaluated with emphasis on minimum distances and temperature thresholds as a basis for long-term sustainable use. For a broader assessment basis the national study was fortified by an international study with 48 countries.
The results showed that the legal situation in Germany as well as in other countries is unsatisfying. This holds particularly for minimum distances between borehole heat exchangers and other points of reference, as well as absolute and relative temperature changes allowed in the groundwater and underground in order to diminish the influence of using shallow geothermal energy on the subsurface system. Moreover, these few existing regulations for temperature thresholds and minimum distances show clear differences among countries regarding their legal embedding as well as in the fixed threshold values.
A crucial reason for this seems to be the immense gaps in knowledge of governing processes, particularly in the area of the ecological effects and their interaction. In order to tackle this problem, long-term studies on ecological effects with different hydrochemical and hydrobiological conditions are needed. The studies also showed that none of the countries have implemented a strategy for the long-term sustainability of shallow geothermal energy yet. In the present thesis, criteria for the definition of the sustainability of the use of shallow geothermal energy are provided. Moreover, a scheme of assessment and planning was developed. Six decision levels were integrated (type, use, size, technical assessment, ecological assessment and licensing procedure). The suggested sustainability criteria as well as the scheme of assessment and planning can be used as a basis for the development of a legally binding guiding principle for sustainable use of shallow geothermal energy.