Abstract:
The aim of this thesis was the precise determination of basic stellar parameters
and metal abundances for a sample of 15 ionizing stars of gaseous nebulae.
Strategic lines of metals for the expected parameter range are located in the
ultraviolet (UV) and far-ultraviolet (FUV) range. Thus high-resolution, high-S/N
UV and FUV observations obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and
the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) were used for the analysis.
For the calculation of the necessary spectral energy distributions the Tübingen
NLTE Model-Atmosphere Package (TMAP) was used. The model atmospheres
included most elements from H – Ni in order to account for line-blanketing effects.
For each object a small grid of model atmospheres was calculated. As the
interstellar medium (ISM) imprints its influence in the Space Telescope Imaging
Spectrograph (STIS) and especially the FUSE range, the program OWENS was
employed to calculate the interstellar absorption features. Both, the photospheric model spectral energy distribution (SED) as well as the ISM models were combined to enable the identification of most of the observed absorption lines.
The analyzed sample covers a range of 70 kK < Teff < 136 kK, and surface
gravities from log (g/cm/sec^2) = 5.4 – 7.4, thus representing different stages of stellar evolution. For a large number of elements, abundances were determined
for the first time in these objects. Lines of C, N, O, F, Ne, Si, P, S, and Ar allowed to determine the corresponding abundances. For none of the objects lines of Ca, Sc, Ti, and V could be found. Only a few objects were rich in Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni lines. Most of the analyzed stars exhibited only lines of Fe (ionization stages V – VIII) from the iron-group elements. No signs for gravitational settling (the gravitational force exceeds the radiation pressure and elements begin to sink from the atmosphere into deeper layers) were found. This is expected as the values of the surface gravities of the sample are still too small to start gravitational settling. For the elements C, N, O, Si, P, and S we find increasing abundances with increasing log(Teff^4/g), while the abundances for Ar and Fe decrease. The latter is unexpected as the higher the Teff^4/g ratio, the more the radiative force dominates the gravitational force and, thus, the elements should be kept in the atmosphere.
The determined abundances were compared with previous literature values,
with abundances predicted from diusion calculations, with abundances from
Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) nucleosynthesis calculations, and, if available,
with abundances found for the corresponding nebulae. The agreement was of
mixed quality.
The derived Teff and log g values confirmed some literature values while others
had to be revised (e.g. for LSS 1362 and NGC1360). However, most of them agree with the previous literature values within the error limits. No difference
in Teff can be found for DAO and O(H)-type stars, but O(H)-type stars have a
lower log g (5.4 – 6.0) compared to the DAOs (6.5 – 7.4). The exception is the
O(H)-type central star of the planetary nebula (CSPN) of Lo 1 with log g = 7.0.
A comparison of the positions of each object with stellar evolutionary tracks
for post-AGB stars in the log Teff – log g diagram lead to the respective stellar masses. The derived mean mass of the analyzed sample (M = 0.536 +/- 0.023Msol) agrees within the error limits with the expected mean mass for these objects. In the literature M = 0.638 – 0.145Msol can be found for DA-type white dwarfs, the immediate successors of DAO-type white dwarfs. For two objects (A 35, Sh 2–174) extremely low masses were found. For A35 the derived mass (M_A35 = 0.523 +/- 0.05Msol) lies at the lower end of possible masses predicted for post-AGB stars. The very low mass of Sh 2–174 (M_Sh 2–174 = 0.395 +/- 0.05Msol) points at Sh 2–174 being a post-extended horizontal branch (EHB) star and not a CSPN. If a stellar mass is too low, it is impossible for the star to reach the thermally pulsing AGB phase and, thus, to develope a planetary nebula (PN). Post-EHB stars evolve directly from the Horizontal Branch (HB) to the white dwarf (WD) cooling sequence. The low masses for A35 and Sh 2–174 support literature works that classify the two corresponding nebulae as ionized H II regions and not as PNe.