Abstract:
Extracts from Boswellia species are used for therapy of diverse diseases since antiquity (1). Recent clinical studies with pilot character and experiments in animal models confirm the therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory diseases like osteoarthritis (2-5), inflammatory bowel diseases (6-9), asthma bronchiale (10), and different cancers (11-13). A central role in the anti-inflammatory efficiency is attributed to the species-specific boswellic acids (BAs), as different target structures were described for them. Even though further components are present in the oleo-gum resin with similar quantity as BAs, they were rather neglected in previous studies. This thesis highlights the pharmacologic action of extracts from the oleo-gum resin of different Boswellia species and the triterpenic acids isolated thereof. By activity-guided fractionation of extracts, several triterpenic acids could be identified as potent inhibitors of the microsomal Prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1). The inhibitory effect of some quantitatively relevant tirucallic acids even exceeded that of the BAs. With minor impact on enzymes upstream of PGE2 biosynthesis (cyclooxygenases (COX), cPLA2alpha), this action suggests effective inhibition of inflammation with reduced risk of adverse effects. Moreover it could be shown that the recently identified triterpene 3-O-acetyl-28-hydroxy-lupeolic acid (Ac-OH-LA) is a direct inhibitor of the activity of the cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha (cPLA2alpha) (14). The inhibition of cPLA2alpha effected reduced release of arachidonic acid in cell-free systems as well as in different A23187-stimulated blood cells. The reduced formation of arachidonic acid metabolites in the cell model could partially be reversed by addition of exogenous arachidonic acid. Functionally, Ac-OH-LA reduced the cPLA2alpha-dependant platelet aggregation induced by collagen. In all target structures investigated in this thesis (5-lipoxygenase, mPGES-1, COX, cPLA2alpha, cathepsin G, human leukocyte elastase), further triterpenic acids showed similar or superior potency compared to BAs. This suggests a pivotal role of triterpenic acids besides BAs in the anti-inflammatory activity of frankincense extracts.
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