Abstract:
The aim of this dissertation was to investigate sleep architecture, rapid eye movement, and alertness in patients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at different stages of the disease including subjective and objective measures of sleep quality. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other types of neurological diseases lead to mild to severe sleep disturbances resulting from direct and indirect factors due to the progression of the disease. First, 10 patients at varying stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, some artificially ventilated and fed, were polysomnographically recorded over the course of three nights as well as for daytime sleepiness during the day by EEG-based Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) and Maintenance of Wakefulness Tests (MWT). Subjective sleep quality and sleepiness were assessed by means of questionnaires. In the second study, polysomnographic electrooculogram (EOG) recordings served as the basis for the analysis of rapid eye movements (REM) to evaluate the possible preservation of involuntary extraocular eye movement muscles during REM sleep. The third study was aimed at investigating alertness/information processing in 14 ALS patients and matched healthy controls using auditory and visually evoked P300 EEG potentials over the course of four time points during the day. First, ALS patients demonstrated reduced sleep efficiency, significantly prolonged stage 1 sleep and decreased REM sleep. Six of ten ALS patients displayed mild daytime sleepiness (MSLT), but all had normal scores for daytime wakefulness as measured with the MWT. These results were reflected in subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness findings with reported poor sleep quality with mild daytime sleepiness likely caused by nocturnal motor symptoms and nocturia as the most prominent factors. Second, it was demonstrated that function of extraocular motor neurons significantly decline over the course of the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis reflected by significant deterioration in REM components amplitude, density and duration. Finally, no significant differences between ALS patients and healthy controls could be found, but a different time pattern in alertness over the course of the day became apparent in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for auditory P300.